CASE CONTROL

STUDY
PROGRAM STUDI
ILMU KESEHATAN MATA
 PICO ARTIKEL
• P : Pasien di Klinik Spesialis di Kota Tubarao, Brazil Utara
• I : Pasien DM tidak terkontrol
• C : Pasien DM terkontrol
• O : Diabetic Retinophaty
Research Question:
Pada Pasien di Klinik Spesialis di Kota Tubarao, Brazil Utara, Apakah Pasien
DM Tidak Terkontrol dibandingkan dengan Pasien DM Terkontrol Memiliki
Resiko Lebih Tinggi Mengalami Diabetik Retinophaty?
 ARE THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
VALID?

• DID THE STUDY ADDRESS A CLEARLY FOCUSED ISSUE?

Yes, To Investigate Risk Factors For Development of Diabetic Retinophaty
 ARE THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
VALID?

DID THE AUTHORS USE AN APPROPRIATE METHOD TO ANSWER THEIR

QUESTION?
YES, Using Case Control Study
 ARE THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
VALID?
WERE THE CASES RECRUITED IN AN ACCEPTABLE WAY?
Yes, by an ophthalmologist according to clinical findings confirmed by directand
indirect ophthalmoscopy. Following the classification of the International clinical DR
disease severity scale
 ARE THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
VALID?

• WERE THE CONTROLS SELECTED IN AN ACCEPTABLE WAY?

Yes, Calculated by OpenEpi (Open Source Epidemiologic Statistic For
Public Health)
 ARE THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
VALID?
• WAS THE EXPOSURE ACCURATELY MEASURE TO MINIMIZE BIAS?
YES, by multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression and use Bivariate
analysis
 ARE THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
VALID?
WHAT CONFOUNDING FACTORS HAVE THE AUTHORS
ACCOUNTED FOR?
Gender, age, BMI, hypertension and dislipidemia
 WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?
• WHAT ARE THE RESULTS? TABLE 1
• HOW PRECISE ARE THE RESULTS? TABLE 1
• DO YOU BELIEVE THE RESULTS? YES
WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?
 WILL THE RESULTS HELP LOCALLY?

• CAN THE RESULTS BE APPLIED TO THE LOCAL POPULATION?

YES, STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT AND CLINICALLY IMPORTANT
• DO THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY FIT WITH OTHER AVAILABLE
EVIDENCE?
NO, STILL INCONSISTENT

CONCLUSION: VALID, STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT, CLINICALLY

IMPORTANT, AND APPLICABLE
TERIMA KASIH