Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The International Climate Regime KP
The International Climate Regime KP
UNFCCC KP
14
Legal Form
• What is a ”Protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed
outcome with legal force under the Convention”?
• ”Deal” between the EU (legally binding
agreement/commitment) and India (legally binding
outcome)
• ”outcome with legal force”: not a legal instrument under
the UNFCCC: amendment, annex, protocol
• Legal force = legally binding or something different?
outcome that is not legally binding? COP decision?
15
ADP (after Doha)
• Two work streams: increasing ambition before
2020/comprehensive climate agreement in 2020
• Resurfacing of the «Fire-Wall», China: mentioning
of equity, CBDRRC and Rio+20/USA: no!
• Principles of the Convention apply, but how?
• Universality of application but not uniformity of
content
What Now?
• Bridging the Gaps:
– Emission Gap (UNEP Emission Gap report:
• Implement pledges: 1 Gt
• Business as usual: 10 Gt
– Legal Gap: When does KP CPII enter into force?
Will there be a global agreement by 2015? Will
it be legally binding?
– Equity Gap: What is equity and who should be
doing what?
17
What is Equity, Art. 3 UNFCCC?
• Definition: The quality of being fair or
impartial; fairness; impartiality
• Synonyms: impartiality, fair-mindedness,
fairness, justness, evenhandedness, justice,
objectivity
• In the international discourse: equity and
fairness used interchangeably
Equity and Equality
• Equality of sovereign states is a fundament
in Public International Law
– Equality: Same rights and duties, no arbitrary
discrimination among equals
– Problem: States differ!
Differentiation and positive discrimination
(affirmative action) is necessary in order to treat
different states equally.
The Principle of Common but
Differentiated Responsibilities
…..and respective capabilities!
• Rio Declaration: “In view of the different contributions to
global environmental degradation, States have common but
differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries
acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the
international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the
pressures their societies place on the global environment and
of the technologies and financial resources they command.”
• Framework Convention on Climate Change; “…parties should
act to protect the climate system “on the basis of equity and in
accordance with their common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities.”
The Principle of Common but
Differentiated Responsibilities
…..and respective capabilities!
• How to interpret in 2013/2015/2020 and
beyond?
• Based on which criteria should differentiation
be made?
• Why?
• How politically feasible is that?
• …and how effective?
Top Fossil Fuel Emitters (Absolute)
Top four emitters in 2011 covered 62% of global emissions
China (28%), United States (16%), EU27 (11%), India (7%)
The growing gap between EU27 and USA is due to emission decreases in Germany (45% of the
1990-2011 cumulative difference), UK (19%), Romania (13%), Czech Republic (8%), and Poland
(5%)
Per capita emissions
23
…and respective capability?
The ten largest economies in the world, measured in nominal
GDP (millions of USD)
Alternative measures of “Responsibility”
Depending on perspective, the importance of individual countries changes
Cumulative emissions from 1751; Production is also called Territorial; GDP: Gross Domestic Product
Source: CDIAC Data; Unstats; Le Quéré et al. 2012; Global Carbon Project 2012
The Principle of Common but
Differentiated Responsibilities
…..and respective capabilities!
• How to interpret in 2013/2015/2020 and
beyond?
• Based on which criteria should differentiation
be made?
• Why?
• How politically feasible is that?
• …and how effective?