Lecture 05

Application Layer (2/3)

Cookies, FTP,
Electronic Mail & DNS

CSI3601504 - Jaringan Komunikasi Data

Semester Gasal 2017-2018
Fakultas Ilmu Komputer UI
Lecture 05: Roadmap
Chapter 2:
 2.2 Web and HTTP
 2.3 FTP
 2.4 Electronic Mail
 SMTP, POP3, IMAP
 2.5 DNS

2
User-server state: cookies
many Web sites use cookies example:
 Susan always access Internet
four components:
from PC
1) cookie header line of
 visits specific e-commerce
HTTP response
site for first time
message
 when initial HTTP requests
2) cookie header line in arrives at site, site creates:
next HTTP request
message  unique ID
 entry in backend
3) cookie file kept on
database for ID
user’s host, managed
by user’s browser
4) back-end database at
Web site
Application Layer 2-3
 Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.)
client server

ebay 8734
usual http request msg Amazon server
cookie file creates ID
usual http response
1678 for user create backend
ebay 8734
set-cookie: 1678 entry database
amazon 1678
usual http request msg
cookie: 1678 cookie- access
specific
usual http response msg action

one week later:

access
ebay 8734 usual http request msg
amazon 1678 cookie: 1678 cookie-
specific
usual http response msg action
Application Layer 2-4
Cookies (continued)
aside
what cookies can be used cookies and privacy:
for:  cookies permit sites to
 authorization learn a lot about you
 shopping carts
 you may supply name and
 recommendations
e-mail to sites
 user session state (Web
e-mail)

how to keep “state”:

 protocol endpoints: maintain state at
sender/receiver over multiple
transactions
 cookies: http messages carry state

Application Layer 2-5

Web caches (proxy server)
goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server

 user sets browser: Web

accesses via cache
 browser sends all HTTP proxy
requests to cache server
client
 object in cache: cache origin
server
returns object
 else cache requests
object from origin
server, then returns
object to client client origin
server

Application Layer 2-6

More about Web caching
 cache acts as both why Web caching?
client and server  reduce response time
 server for original for client request
requesting client
 client to origin server  reduce traffic on an
 typically cache is institution’s access link
installed by ISP  Internet dense with
(university, company, caches: enables “poor”
residential ISP) content providers to
effectively deliver
content (so too does
P2P file sharing)

Application Layer 2-7

Conditional GET
client server
 Goal: don’t send object if
cache has up-to-date
cached version HTTP request msg
object
If-modified-since: <date>
 no object transmission not
delay modified
 lower link utilization HTTP response
before
HTTP/1.0
 cache: specify date of 304 Not Modified
<date>
cached copy in HTTP
request
If-modified-since:
<date> HTTP request msg
 server: response contains If-modified-since: <date> object
modified
no object if cached copy after
HTTP response
is up-to-date: HTTP/1.0 200 OK <date>
HTTP/1.0 304 Not <data>
Modified
Application Layer 2-8
Lecture 05: Roadmap
Chapter 2:
 2.2 Web and HTTP
 2.3 FTP
 2.4 Electronic Mail
 SMTP, POP3, IMAP
 2.5 DNS

9
FTP: the file transfer protocol
file transfer
FTP FTP FTP
user client server
interface
user
at host remote file
local file system
system

 transfer file to/from remote host

 client/server model
 client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote)
 server: remote host
 ftp: RFC 959
 ftp server: port 21
Application Layer 2-10
FTP: separate control, data connections

 FTP client contacts FTP server TCP control connection,

server port 21
at port 21, using TCP
 client authorized over control TCP data connection,
connection FTP server port 20 FTP
client server
 client browses remote
directory, sends commands
over control connection  server opens another TCP
data connection to transfer
 when server receives file another file
transfer command, server
opens 2nd TCP data  control connection: “out of
connection (for file) to client band”
 after transferring one file,  FTP server maintains
server closes data connection “state”: current directory,
earlier authentication

Application Layer 2-11

FTP commands, responses
sample commands:
 sent as ASCII text over
control channel
 USER username
 PASS password
 LIST return list of file in
current directory
 RETR filename
retrieves (gets) file
 STOR filename stores
(puts) file onto remote
host
sample return codes
 status code and phrase (as
in HTTP)
 331 Username OK,
password required
 125 data
connection
already open;
transfer starting
 425 Can’t open
data connection
 452 Error writing
file
Application Layer 2-12
Lecture 05: Roadmap
Chapter 2:
 2.2 Web and HTTP
 2.3 FTP
 2.4 Electronic Mail
 SMTP, POP3, IMAP
 2.5 DNS

13
Electronic mail outgoing
message queue
user mailbox
Three major components: user
 user agents agent

 mail servers mail user

 simple mail transfer protocol: server agent
SMTP
SMTP mail user
User Agent server agent

 a.k.a. “mail reader” SMTP

 composing, editing, reading mail user
messages SMTP
agent
mail
 e.g., Outlook, Thunderbird, server
iPhone mail client user
 outgoing, incoming messages agent
stored on server user
agent

Application Layer 2-14

Electronic mail: mail servers
mail servers: user
agent
 mailbox contains incoming
messages for user mail user
server
 message queue of outgoing agent

(to be sent) mail messages SMTP mail user

 SMTP protocol between server agent
mail servers to send email SMTP
messages user
 client: sending mail SMTP
agent
mail
server server
 “server”: receiving mail user
agent
server
user
agent

Application Layer 2-15

Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821]
 uses TCP to reliably transfer email message from
client to server, port 25
 direct transfer: sending server to receiving
server
 three phases of transfer
 handshaking (greeting)
 transfer of messages
 closure
 command/response interaction (like HTTP, FTP)
 commands: ASCII text
 response: status code and phrase
 messages must be in 7-bit ASCI
Application Layer 2-16
Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob
1) Alice uses UA to compose
message “to”
bob@someschool.edu
2) Alice’s UA sends message
to her mail server; message
placed in message queue
3) client side of SMTP opens
TCP connection with Bob’s
mail server
4) SMTP client sends Alice’s
message over the TCP
connection
5) Bob’s mail server places the
message in Bob’s mailbox
6) Bob invokes his user agent
to read message

1 user mail user

mail agent
agent server server
2 3 6
4
5
Alice’s mail server Bob’s mail server
Application Layer 2-17
Sample SMTP interaction
S: 220 hamburger.edu
C: HELO crepes.fr
S: 250 Hello crepes.fr, pleased to meet you
C: MAIL FROM: <alice@crepes.fr>
S: 250 alice@crepes.fr... Sender ok
C: RCPT TO: <bob@hamburger.edu>
S: 250 bob@hamburger.edu ... Recipient ok
C: DATA
S: 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
C: Do you like ketchup?
C: How about pickles?
C: .
S: 250 Message accepted for delivery
C: QUIT
S: 221 hamburger.edu closing connection

Application Layer 2-18

SMTP: final words
 SMTP uses persistent comparison with HTTP:
connections
 HTTP: pull
 SMTP requires message
(header & body) to be in  SMTP: push
7-bit ASCII  both have ASCII
 SMTP server uses command/response
CRLF.CRLF to interaction, status codes
determine end of message
 HTTP: each object
encapsulated in its own
response msg
 SMTP: multiple objects
sent in one msg

Application Layer 2-19

Mail message format

SMTP: protocol for

exchanging email msgs header
blank
RFC 822: standard for text line
message format:
 header lines, e.g.,
 To: body
 From:
 Subject:
different from SMTP MAIL
FROM, RCPT TO:
commands!
 Body: the “message”
 ASCII characters only

Application Layer 2-20

Mail access protocols
user
mail access user
SMTP SMTP protocol
agent agent
(e.g., POP,
IMAP)

sender’s mail receiver’s mail

server server

 SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s server

 mail access protocol: retrieval from server
 POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939]: authorization,
download
 IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]: more
features, including manipulation of stored msgs on
server
 HTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc.

Application Layer 2-21

POP3 protocol
S: +OK POP3 server ready
C: user bob
authorization phase S:
C:
+OK
pass hungry
 client commands: S: +OK user successfully logged on
 user: declare username
 pass: password C: list
S: 1 498
 server responses
S: 2 912
 +OK S: .
 -ERR C: retr 1
transaction phase, client: S:
S:
<message 1 contents>
.
 list: list message numbers C: dele 1
 retr: retrieve message by C: retr 2
number S: <message 1 contents>
 dele: delete S: .
 quit C: dele 2
C: quit
S: +OK POP3 server signing off
Application Layer 2-22
POP3 (more) and IMAP
more about POP3 IMAP
 previous example uses  keeps all messages in one
POP3 “download and place: at server
delete” mode  allows user to organize
 Bob cannot re-read e- messages in folders
mail if he changes  keeps user state across
client sessions:
 POP3 “download-and-  names of folders and
keep”: copies of messages mappings between
on different clients message IDs and folder
 POP3 is stateless across name
sessions

Application Layer 2-23

Lecture 05: Roadmap
Chapter 2:
 2.2 Web and HTTP
 2.3 FTP
 2.4 Electronic Mail
 SMTP, POP3, IMAP
 2.5 DNS

24
DNS: domain name system
people: many identifiers: Domain Name System:
 SSN, name, passport #  distributed database
Internet hosts, routers: implemented in hierarchy of
 IP address (32 bit) - many name servers
used for addressing  application-layer protocol: hosts,
datagrams name servers communicate to
 “name”, e.g., resolve names (address/name
www.yahoo.com - translation)
used by humans  note: core Internet function,
Q: how to map between IP implemented as application-
layer protocol
address and name, and
vice versa ?  complexity at network’s
“edge”

Application Layer 2-25

DNS: services, structure
DNS services why not centralize DNS?
 hostname to IP address  single point of failure
translation  traffic volume
 host aliasing  distant centralized database
 canonical, alias names  maintenance
 mail server aliasing
 load distribution A: doesn’t scale!
 replicated Web
servers: many IP
addresses correspond
to one name

Application Layer 2-26

DNS: a distributed, hierarchical database
Root DNS Servers

… …

com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers

pbs.org poly.edu umass.edu

yahoo.com amazon.com
DNS servers DNS serversDNS servers
DNS servers DNS servers

client wants IP for www.amazon.com; 1st approx:

 client queries root server to find com DNS server
 client queries .com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS server
 client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address for
www.amazon.com

Application Layer 2-27

 DNS: root name servers
 contacted by local name server that can not resolve name
 root name server:
 contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known
 gets mapping
 returns mapping to local name server

c. Cogent, Herndon, VA (5 other sites)

d. U Maryland College Park, MD k. RIPE London (17 other sites)
h. ARL Aberdeen, MD
j. Verisign, Dulles VA (69 other sites ) i. Netnod, Stockholm (37 other sites)

e. NASA Mt View, CA m. WIDE Tokyo

f. Internet Software C. (5 other sites)
Palo Alto, CA (and 48 other
sites)

a. Verisign, Los Angeles CA 13 root name

(5 other sites)
b. USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA
“servers”
l. ICANN Los Angeles, CA worldwide
(41 other sites)
g. US DoD Columbus,
OH (5 other sites)

Application Layer 2-28

TLD, authoritative servers
top-level domain (TLD) servers:
 responsible for com, org, net, edu, aero, jobs, museums,
and all top-level country domains, e.g.: uk, fr, ca, jp
 Network Solutions maintains servers for .com TLD
 Educause for .edu TLD
authoritative DNS servers:
 organization’s own DNS server(s), providing
authoritative hostname to IP mappings for organization’s
named hosts
 can be maintained by organization or service provider

Application Layer 2-29

Local DNS name server
 does not strictly belong to hierarchy
 each ISP (residential ISP, company, university) has
one
 also called “default name server”
 when host makes DNS query, query is sent to its
local DNS server
 has local cache of recent name-to-address translation
pairs (but may be out of date!)
 acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy

Application Layer 2-30

DNS name root DNS server
resolution example
2
 host at cis.poly.edu 3
TLD DNS server
wants IP address for 4
gaia.cs.umass.edu
5

iterated query: local DNS server

dns.poly.edu
 contacted server 7 6
1 8
replies with name of
server to contact
authoritative DNS server
 “I don’t know this dns.cs.umass.edu
name, but ask this requesting host
server” cis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu

Application Layer 2-31

DNS name root DNS server
resolution example
2 3
recursive query: 7
6
 puts burden of name TLD DNS
server
resolution on
contacted name local DNS server
server dns.poly.edu 5 4

 heavy load at upper 1 8

levels of hierarchy?
authoritative DNS server
dns.cs.umass.edu
requesting host
cis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu

Application Layer 2-32

DNS: caching, updating records
 once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches
mapping
 cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time (TTL)
 TLD servers typically cached in local name servers
• thus root name servers not often visited
 cached entries may be out-of-date (best effort
name-to-address translation!)
 if name host changes IP address, may not be known
Internet-wide until all TTLs expire
 update/notify mechanisms proposed IETF standard
 RFC 2136

Application Layer 2-33

DNS records
DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR)
RR format: (name, value, type, ttl)

type=A type=CNAME
 name is hostname  name is alias name for some
 value is IP address “canonical” (the real) name
type=NS  www.ibm.com is really
 name is domain (e.g., servereast.backup2.ibm.com
foo.com)  value is canonical name
 value is hostname of
authoritative name type=MX
server for this domain  value is name of mailserver
associated with name

Application Layer 2-34

Inserting records into DNS
 example: new startup “Network Utopia”
 register name networkuptopia.com at DNS registrar
(e.g., Network Solutions)
 provide names, IP addresses of authoritative name server
(primary and secondary)
 registrar inserts two RRs into .com TLD server:
(networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS)
(dns1.networkutopia.com, 212.212.212.1, A)
 create authoritative server type A record for
www.networkuptopia.com; type MX record for
networkutopia.com

Application Layer 2-35

Review
 What is  TLD DNS Server
 Cookie  Authoritative DNS
 Web Proxy Server
 FTP  Local DNS Server
 Dual Band Channel in  DNS Records
FTP  MX
 SMTP Server  CNAME
 SMTP Client  NS
 User Agent  DNS Query
 POP3  DNS Response
 IMAP
 DNS
 Root DNS Server
Application Layer 2-36