CONNECTION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

1
 CONNECTION DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
COMPLEXITIES OF CONNECTIONS
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
CONNECTION DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
COST OF CONNECTIONS
SUMMARY

2
 INTRODUCTION
Necessity for Connections
– Limited Length of Members
•Rolling & Transportation Constraints
– Larger Size of Structures
Importance of Connection
– Structure is only as strong as the weakest link
– Connection failure to be avoided before member
failure
•The full strength of members is to be utilised
•Connection failure is usually not ductile
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 INTRODUCTION
Requirements of Connection Designs
– Strength, Stiffness, and Ductility
– Deflection control & stability under service load
– Large Defection & Ductility at Ultimate load (over load)
Connections are Complex Because
– They are more complex to design than members
– They have greater potential for variability in
behaviour & strength
– Most vulnerable component of a structure
– Failure of a connection often leads to failure of the
structure
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 COMPLEXITY OF CONNECTIONS
Relaibility or Safety of a design depends on
– Variability of loads
– Variability of the member strength
– Variability of Connection Strength
Larger Uncertainty of Connections is Due to
– Complexity of Connection Geometry
•Highly Indeterminate
•Stress concentration
•Non-Linearity due to slip, & local yielding
– Geometric Imperfections
–Residual Stresses & Strains
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 COMPLEXITY OF GEOMETRY

Bolts
Column Bracket
Tee

Beam

Angle Flange Plate

Stiffener

Bolted Connection Welded Connection

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COMPLEXITY OF CONNECTIONS

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COMPLEXITY OF CONNECTIONS
GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS
– Bow in members as rolled
– Lack of fit in Black Bolts in clearance holes
– Fabrication Errors
– Member deflections
– Welding distortions
– Gaps & tolerances in fabrication & erection

RESIDUAL STRESSES & STRAINS

– Differential cooling after hot rolling, gas cutting & welding
– Premature yielding under loading
– Lack of fit in bolted fabrication (Distortions)
– Member strength ?
8
 Failure of pipe connection

Partial safety factor for connection = 1.25

1.5 (field fabrication) 9
 TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
•WELDED CONNECTIONS
– Fillet welding
– Butt welding
•BOLTED CONNECTIONS
– Bearing type Carbon steel / High strength
– Friction type HSFG
•RIVETED CONNECTIONS
– Mild steel
– High strength steel
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 BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Bearing Type:
T
Bearing
X Stress

Clamping
T
Force, P0

Frictional
Contact
Pressure, P0
Force T
Notice slip in bearing
type of connection

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 FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM
(a) Bearing
Connection
T
Bearing stresses

(b) Friction
Connection
T Tension
in bolt
Frictional Force
Clamping Force, T
PO T
Clamping Force,
PO Transfer – Free Body Diagram
Bolt Shear
12 Dr S R
Satish
Kumar
 BOLTED CONNECTIONS
FrictionType:
Bearing Type:
T
Bearing
X Stress
Notice no slip is observed in-
between plates in HSFG T
Connection
Clamping
T
Force, P0

Frictional
Contact
Pressure, P0
Force T

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 Merits
Welded Connections
– Transfer of forces between elements
more direct
– Requires little additional elements like
gussets
–Shorter length of joints
– No reduction in member strength due to
bolt holes etc.
– Rigid connections easy to achieve
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 Demerits
– Requires skilled manpower
– Requires special equipment
– not easy to achieve at difficult
locations
– less ductile
– prone to defects & fatigue cracks
under cyclic loading

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 Merits & Demerits
Bolted Connections
Bearing Type

– Easy to install even at difficult locations

– Economical
– Does not require highly skilled
manpower

– Slip causes flexible joint

– Joint size larger
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 Merits & Demerits
Bolted Connections

Friction Type

– Rigidity of connection
– Better fatigue performance

– Expensive due to material & installation labour

– Requires skilled manpower
– Requires better inspection

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RIGIDITY OF MOMENT CONNECTIONS
Type of connections

>90

h
Mr

Rigid Hinged Semi-Rigid

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RIGIDITY OF MOMENT CONNECTIONS

Moment
Rigid joint
Mr

Semi-rigid joint

Hinged joint

Rotation
h

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CONNECTION DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Connections are complex
The strength is variable
Large numbers have to be designed
‘Exact’ analysis:
– Complex but possible
– Accuracy depends on assumptions
– Not practically feasible
Practical, simplified Methods are Appropriate
– Should satisfy equilibrium
– Ductility requirements (static loading)
– Fatigue strength requirements (cyclic loading)
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 TRANSFER OF MEMBER FORCES
Factors:
• Understand the expected connection behaviour.
• Model this appropriately in analysis.
• Determine the forces and moments transferred to the
connection.
– Consider the joint size to reduce forces transferred
• Replace the forces/moments transferred by member
– Equivalent system of forces on interface elements in the joint
• Consider the mechanism of force transfer in the member
• Transfer to elements in consistency with their relative stiffness
• The system of forces be in equilibrium with the force to be
transferred

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TRANSFER OF MEMBER FORCES

V V

Critical section
for block shear

(a) Connection (b) Freebody Diagram

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 FORCE FLOW IN A JOINT
• Force flow is complex
– High degree of indeterminacy
– Local stress concentration and yielding
– Effect of Residual stress, which is unknown
•Connection force flow Analysis
– Making simplifying Assumptions – sharing of forces
– Satisfying Equilibrium
– Ensuring adequacy of strength
– Ensuring adequacy of stiffness
– Ensuring adequacy of ductility

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 SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF JOINTS
Assume sharing of forces among alternate elements
Stiffer elements attract larger proportion of the imposed force
Plate elements are stiff in resisting forces imposed in their plane
Plate elements are flexible in resisting forces imposed out-of-plane
The assumed forces may be at variance from the elastic results
Equilibrium & Compatibility are to be satisfied in elastic analysis
Only equilibrium is assumed in the simplified analysis

Ensure adequacy of ductility to redistribute forces as

assumed
Redistribution is necessary since assumed sharing may at variance

Ensure adequacy of strength of elements in the load path

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SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF JOINTS

S1 T
C

T S2 C

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 COST OF CONNECTIONS
• Design cost
– Consumes a major portion of efforts
– Simplified design methods reduce the cost
– Standardised designs and details are desirable
•Design handbook, aids and software
• Fabrication / Erection cost
– Repetitive use of standard details
– Good access, easy support, ease of joining at location
– Mix of automatic and manual fabrication
– Choice of connection method
– Other factors
• Simple detail, simple techniques appropriate to requirement 26
• Sound Connection Design Requires
Understanding of
– the requirement
– force flow
– relative stiffness of elements, and
– ductility of elements
• Good design can considerably reduce
cost of steel structure

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS

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• Analysis of Bolt Groups
– Combined Shear and Moment in-Plane
– Combined Shear and Moment out-of-plane
• Beam and Column Splices
• Beam to Column Connections
• Beam to Beam Connections
• Truss Connections
• Fatigue Behaviour

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• Designed more conservatively than members because they are more
complex to analyse and discrepancy between analysis and design is
large

• In case of overloading, failure in member is preferred to failure in

connection

• Connections account for more than half the cost of structural steel
work

• Connection design has influence over member design

• Similar to members, connections are also classified as idealised types

Effected through rivets, bolts or weld

• Codal Provisions 31
 TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Classification based on type of resultant force transferred

(a) (b)
Concentric
Connections

(a) (b)
Moment
Connections
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TYPES OF CONNECTIONS -!
Classification based on type of force in the bolts

Single
shear

Double
shear
a) Lap b) Butt
Connection Connection Shear Connections

support (b)
(a)

Tension Connection and Tension plus Shear Connection

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 BOLTS AND BOLTING
Bolt Grade: Grade 4.6 :- fu = 40 kgf/mm2 and fy = 0.6*40 = 24 kgf/mm2

Bolt Types: Black, Turned & Fitted, High Strength Friction Grip

Black Bolts:
usually Gr.4.6,
made snug tight,
ductile and cheap,
only static loads
Turned & Fitted;
Gr.4.6 to 8.8,
Close tolerance drilled holes,
0.2% proof stress
HSFG Bolts:
Gr.8.8 to 10.9,
less ductile,
excellent under dynamic/fatigue loads
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 TIGHTENING OF HSFG BOLTS
¾ turn
1) Turn-of-nut Tightening position
2) Calibrated Wrench Tightening snug-tight
3) Alternate Design Bolt Installation
4) Direct Tension Indicator Method position

Tightening of HSFG bolts

(a) Standard (b) Oversized

(c )Short Slot Feeler

(d) Long slot
gauge
35
Hole types for HSFG bolts
 FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM
(a) Bearing Connection
T
Bearing stresses

T
(b) Friction
Connection
T Tension
in bolt
Frictional Force
Clamping Force, T
PO T
Clamping Force, PO
Bolt Shear Transfer – Free Body Diagram 36
 BOLTS UNDER TENSION AND PRYING EFFECT
2
Bearing type 2 (b) HSFG T
connection T Connection

T T To+ To+
T T
o o T T

Bolt force 2T
HSFG
B kN B b n
Proof Load Bearing A
Po
type
Q Q
Applied load 2T
(kN)
( c) External Tension T+Q T+Q
versus bolt force 37
(d) Prying Effect
38
 Bolted Steel Connections

Bolts in tension

6 x 200 =1200 kN

Bolts in shear
 Failure modes of bolts in shear

Hole bearing

Hole tearout

Bolt shear
 PRYING EFFECT AND END PLATE DESIGN
Minimum prying force Q is given by
 = 2 (non-preloaded)
b  po wt  4
 = 1.5 for limit state design
Q T   w = width/pair of bolts
2n  27nb 2 
Po= proof load in consistent units
  po
n is the minimum of end distance or nt
py
the minimum thickness of the plate is obtained as follows
M A  Qn; M B  Tb  Qn MA  MB 
Tb
Mp p y wt 2
2 Mp 
1.15 4
1.15  4  M p
t min 
py  w

The corresponding prying force can then be obtained as Q = Mp/n.

If the total force in the bolt (T+Q) exceeds the tensile capacity of the bolt,
then the thickness of the end plate will have to be increased.
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 FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS
Shear Connections with Bearing Bolts
(a) Shearing of Bolts
fu
Vnsb  nn Anb  ns Asb 
3
(b) Bearing on Bolts

Vnpb = 2.5 kb d t f’u

Zone of
(c) Tension capacity plastificat
ion
Tnb = 0.90 fub An < fyb Asb (γmb / γm0)

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 BOLTS UNDER TENSION AND PRYING EFFECT
2
Bearing 2 (b) HSFG T
type T
connection Connection

T T To+ To+
T T
o o T T
2
Bolt HSFG
T
force B b n
B kN
Proof Load Bearin A
Po
g type
Q Q
Applied load 2T T+ T+
(kN)
( c) External Q (d) Prying Effect
Q
43 Tension
versus bolt
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45
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48
FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS
Shear Connections with HSFG Bolts

(a) Slip Resistance

Vnsf = µf. ne. Kh. Fo

Kh =1.0 (clearance hole)

 = 0.45 (untreated surfaces)
ne = no of effective interfaces
Fo= proof load

(b) Bearing on Plates

Pbg = pbgd t  1/3 e t pbg

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DESIGN STRENGTHS FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Table 1 Bolt Strengths in Clearance Holes in MPa

Bolt strengths Bolt grade

4.6 8.8
Shear strength ps 160 375
Bearing strength pbb 435 970
Tension strength pt 195 450

Table 2 Bearing Strengths of Connected Parts in MPa

Steel grade ST42S Gr.43 Gr.50

Bearing bolts pbs 418 460 550
HSFG bolts pbg 650 825 1065
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 COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION

(a) Bearing Bolts

2 2
 Vsb   Tb 
      1.0
 Vdb   Tdb 

(a) HSFG Bolts

2 2
 Vsf   Tf 
     1.0
 Vdf   Tdf 
   

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 BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE

Capacity=Shear Capacity of AB + Tension Capacity of BC

A

T  0.6 p y Ae( AB)  0.5 p y Ae( BC )

3
B C

Tdb = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9Atn fu /m1 ) T

or Block Shear
Tdb = (0.9Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 )

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53
 GENERAL ISSUES IN CONNECTION DESIGN

Assumptions in traditional analysis

• Connection elements are assumed to

be rigid compared to the connectors T
• Connector behaviour is assumed to V d
be linearly elastic C eV
• Distribution of forces arrived at by
assuming idealized load paths M=
• Provide stiffness according to the (a) Td (b)
assumed behaviour
• ensure adequate ductility and rotation
capacity Standard Connections
• provide adequate margin of safety (a) moment connection
(b) simple connection

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 COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT IN PLANE
• Bolt shear due to Px and Py
Rxi = Px/n and Ryi = Py/n Rmi x’
• M = Px y’ + Py x’
• Rmi = k ri
ri
 P y’
M i = k r i2
O
MR =  k ri2 = k  ri2
• Bolt shear due to M
Rmi=M ri/ ri2 Bolt group eccentrically
loaded in shear
Combined shear
Ri  R xi  Rm i cos  i 2  R yi  Rm i sin  i 2 
 P 
2
 
2

 x My P Mx 
Ri     
y
   
i i


 n  i i    i i  
( x 2
 y 2
) n ( x 2
 y 2
)
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56
COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT OUT-OF-PLANE
Ti

d l L L
i N i i
d/ C
A
6
(a) (b) (c)
Bolt group resisting out-of-plane moment
Ti = kli where k = constant

M =  Ti Li = k  li Li

Ti = Mli/ li Li

Shear assumed to be shared equally and bolts

checked for combined tension+(prying)+shear 57
 BEAM AND COLUMN SPLICE
Strength, stiffness and ease in erection

Assumptions in
(a)Conventional Rolled-section
Splice & Plate Girders

(b) End-Plate
Splice

Bolted Beam Splice

Column Splices – bearing type or HSFG moment splices
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 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

(a) Simple – transfer only shear at nominal eccentricity

Used in non-sway frames with bracings etc.
Used in frames upto 5 storeys

(b) Semi-rigid – model actual behaviour but make analysis

difficult (linear springs or Adv.Analysis). However lead
to economy in member designs.

(c) Rigid – transfer significant end-moments undergoing

negligible deformations. Used in sway frames for
stability and contribute in resisting lateral loads and
help control sway.

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 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

e (b)
(a) (c)
V
Simple beam-to-column connections a) Clip and seating angle
b) Web cleats c) Curtailed end plate
(a) Economical when automatic saw and drill lines are available
Check end bearing and stiffness of seating angle
Clip angle used for torsional stability
(b) If depth of cleats < 0.6d design bolts for shear only
(c) Eliminates need to drill holes in the beam. Limit depth and thickness
t < /2 (Gr.8.8) and /3 (Gr.4.6) 60
BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

column web web

stiffeners diagonal
stiffener plate

(a) (b) (c)

Rigid beam-to-column connections

a) Short end plate
b) Extended end plate
c) Haunched 61
 BEAM-TO-BEAM AND
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
Beam-beam connections similar to beam-column connections
Moment continuity may be obtained between secondary beams
Check for torsion in primary beams
Splice
plate

GussetPlate e

Gusset Plate
suppor
t
(a) Apex Connection (b) Support connection
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Truss Connections
 FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR

Fatigue leads to initiation and growth of cracks under fluctuating stresses

even below the yield stress of the material (High-cycle fatigue)

Fatigue cracks grow from points of stress concentrations

To avoid stress concentrations in bolted connections
• Use gusset plates of proper shape
• Use match drilling
• Use HSFG bolts

Fatigue also depends on range of stress fluctuations and reversal of stress

• pre-tensioned HSFG avoid reversals but lead to fretting corrosion

Fatigue design carried out by means of an S-N curve on a log-log scale

Components are designed below the endurance limit

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Thank You
64
Design Example 1: Design a bolted connection
between a bracket 8 mm thick and the flange of
an ISHB 400 column using HSFG bolts, so as to
carry a factored vertical load of 100 kN at a
distance of 200 mm from the face of the column
as shown in Fig. E1.
Solution:
1) Bolt force:
Px = 0; Py = 100 kN;
Total eccentricity x’=200+250/2=325 mm
M = Pyx’ = 100x325 = 32500 kN-mm

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Try the arrangement shown in Fig. E1
Note: minimum pitch = 60 mm and
minimum edge dist. = 60 mm

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• 2) Bolt capacity
• Try M20 HSFG bolts
• Bolt capacity in single shear = μf n Kh
Fo = 0.48 × 1.0 × 177 = 85 kN
• ISHB 400 flange is thicker than the
bracket plate and so bearing on the
bracket plate will govern.
• Bolt capacity in bearing = d t pbg = 20
× 8 × 650 × 10-3 = 104 kN
• ∴ Bolt value = 85 kN > 81.79 safe.
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• Design Example 2: Design a
bolted splice for an ISMB 450
section to transfer a factored
bending moment of 150 kN-m
and a factored shear of 100 kN.
Assume that the flange splices
carry all of the moment and that
the web splice carries only the
shear.

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Solution:
1) Flange Splices :
Flange force =BM/(D-tf) = 150
× 103/(450-17.4) = 346.7 kN 69
• Slip resistance per bolt = 0.33 × 183 = 60.4 kN
• Bearing resistance on flange per bolt = 20 ×
17.4 × 650 × 10-3 = 226.2 kN
• Bolt value = 60.4 kN
• Use 3 rows of 2 bolts at a pitch of 60 mm
• Flange capacity = (250/1.10) × 1844 × 10-3 =
400.9 kN > flange force OK
• Try 150 mm wide splice plate
Thickness of splice plate required
= 346.7 × 103/1.0 × 250(150-2 × 22)/1.10 = 15.8
mm Use 16 mm
• Use flange splice plate of size 400×150 × 16 70
2) Web Splice
• For M20 HSFG bolts of Gr.8.8 in double shear Slip
resistance per bolt = 2 ×60.4 = 120.8 kN
• Try 8 mm thick web splice plates on both sides of the
web.
• Bearing Resistance per bolt = 20 × 9.4 × 650 × 10-3 =122.2
kN
• Bolt value = 120.8 kN
• Try 3 bolts at 100 mm vertical pitch and 45 mm from the
center of joint.
• Horizontal shear force on bolt due to moment due to
eccentricity= 100 × 45 × 100/(2 × 1002) = 22.5 kN
• Vertical Shear force per bolt = 100/3 = 33.3 kN
• Resultant shear force = √(22.52+33.32) = 40.2 kN < 120.8
(bolt cap) OK
• Use web splice plate of size 270×160×8 - 2 nos. 71
Design Example 3: Design a Seating angle
connection for an ISMB 400 beam to an ISHB
200 column so as to transfer a shear of 200 kN.

72
 1) Seating Angle
• The support reaction acts as a UDL over length (b+
2.5h2) on the web
• Length of bearing required at root line of beam (b+2.5
h2)
• = V/(twpyw)= 200 × 103/(8.9 × 250/1.10) = 98.9 say 100 mm
• Length of bearing on cleat = b = 100-2.5 h2 =25 mm
• end clearance of beam from the face of the column c=
5mm
• allow tolerance d = 5 mm
• minimum length of angle leg required for seating =
b+c+d
= 35 mm
• Try ISA 110×110×15 angle of length w = bf = 140 mm 73
• Distance from end of bearing on cleat to
root of angle (A to B) = b + c + d - (t+r) of angle;
= 25 + 5 + 5 – 25 = 10 mm
• assuming the load to be uniformly distributed over the
bearing length b
moment at the root of angle =(200/10)× 102/2 = 1.0 kN-m
• Moment capacity = (250/1.1)×(140×152/4) ×10-6
= 1.79 kN-m > 1.0 kN-m OK
• Shear Capacity of outstanding leg of cleat
= [(250/1.10)/1.732]× 140×15×10-3
= 275.5 kN >200 kN OK

74
2) Connection of seating angle to column flange
• Bolts required to resist only shear
• Try 4 bolts of 22 mm dia and grade 4.6,
capacity = 52.7kN/bolt
• Total shear capacity = 4×52.7=210.8 kN > 200
kN OK
3) Provide nominal clip angle of ISA 50 × 50 × 8
at the top

75
• Design Example 4: Design a bolted
web cleat beam-to-column
connection between an ISMB 400
beam and an ISHB 200 @ 40 kg/m
column. The connection has to
transfer a factored shear of 150 kN.
Use bolts of diameter 20 mm and
grade 4.6.

76
1) The recommended gauge distance for column flange is 100 mm.
Therefore required angle back mark is 50 mm.
Use web cleats of ISA 90x90x8 giving gauge
g = 50+50+8.9=108.9 mm
(g for ISHB200 is 100 mm )OK
77
2) Connection to web of beam- Bolt capacity
shear capacity of bolt in double shear =
2×160×245×10-3=78.4 kN
• bearing capacity of bolt on the beam web =
418×20×9.0×10-3= 75.24 kN
• bolt value = 75.24 kN
• Try 4 bolts as shown in the Figure with vertical
pitch of 75 mm
• Assuming the shear to be acting on the face of
the column, its eccentricity
• with the centre of the bolt group will
produce horizontal shear forces in
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• the bolts in addition to the vertical shear.
• horizontal shear force on top bolt due to
moment due to eccentricity e
= Px e ri/Σ ri2
= 150×50×112.5/2(37.52+112.52) = 30.0 kN
• vertical shear force per bolt = 150/4 = 37.5
kN

• resultant shear = √(30.02+37.52) = 48.0 kN

< bolt value Safe !

79
3) Connection to column flange: Bolt capacity
• shear capacity of bolt in single shear = 160×245×10-3 = 39.2 kN
• bearing capacity of bolt on column flange = 418×20×9.0×10-3= 75.24
kN
• bolt value = 39.2 kN
• Try 6 bolts as shown in the Fig.E5 with vertical pitch of 75 mm
• 4) Check bolt force
• Similar to the previous case, the shear transfer between the beam
web and the angle cleats can be assumed to take place on the face
of the beam web.

80
• However, unlike the previous case, no relative rotation is
possible between the angle and the beam web.
• Assuming centre of pressure 25 mm below top of cleat
(point A),
• horizontal shear force on bolt due to moment due to
eccentricity e
• =(V/2)exri/Σri2
= (150×50/2)× 200/(502+1252+2002) =12.9 kN
• vertical shear force per bolt = 150/6 = 25.0 kN
• resultant shear = √(12.92+25.02) = 28.13 kN < bolt value
OK
• Use 2 Nos ISA 90x90x8 of length 375 mm as angle cleats
• ISA 90x90x8 Length 375mm

81
Design Example 5: Design a bolted end plate
connection between an ISMB 400 beam and an
ISHB 200 @ 40 kg/m column so as to transfer a
hogging factored bending moment of 150 kN-m
and a vartical factored shear of 150 kN. Use
HSFG bolts of diameter 20 mm and Grade 10.9.

82
1) bolt forces taking moment about the centre of the bottom
flange and neglecting the contribution of bottom bolts and
denoting the force in the top bolts by F
4F× 384 = 150× 103
F = 97.6 kN
tension capacity of M20 bolt = 0.9Fo = 159.3 kN
allowable prying force Q = 159.3-97.6 = 61.7 kN 83
 2) design for prying action
• try 30 mm thick end plate of width be = 180 mm
• distance from the centre line of bolt to prying force n is
• the minimum of edge distance or 1.1T√βPo/Py = 1.1× 30
√(2× 512/250) = 55.66 mm
• n = 40 mm
• assuming 10 mm fillet weld,
• distance from center line of bolt to toe of fillet weld b =
60-10 = 50 mm;
• moment at the toe of the weld = Fb-Qn = 97.6×50-61.7×40
= 2412 N-m
• effective width of end plate per bolt w = be/2 = 180/2 = 90
mm
• moment capacity =(fy/1.10)×(wT2/4)
=(250/1.10)(90×302/4)=4402 N-m > 2412 N-m Safe ! 84
85
THANK YOU
86