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Bonding
The Lewis structure of an atom is a
representation that shows the
valence
electrons for that atom.
• Na with the electron structure 1s22s22p63s1
has 1 valence electron.
Unpaired
electron
Paired
electrons
B2
2s 2p 1
Symbol of
the element
11.4
Bonding Theories
• Central theme in chemistry: How and Why atoms
attach together
• This will help us understand how to:
1. Predict the shapes of molecules.
2. Predict properties of substances.
3. Design and build molecules with particular sets of
chemical and physical properties.
6
Lewis Bonding Theory
• Atoms ONLY come together for a single reason:
• to produce a more stable electron configuration.
• Atoms bond together by either transferring or
sharing electrons.
• A lot of atoms like to have 8 electrons in their
outer shell.
– Octet rule.
– There are some exceptions to this rule—the key to
remember is to try to get an electron configuration like
a noble gas.
• Li and Be try to achieve the He electron arrangement.
7
These rearrangements occur by losing,
gaining, or sharing electrons.
Na+ Cl -
11
After sodium loses its 3s electron, it has attained the same
electronic structure as neon.
Negative Ion Formation
• An anion is a negatively
charged ion.
• The figure shown here
illustrates chlorine gaining
an electron to become a
chlorine ion.
After chlorine gains a 3p electron, it has attained the
same electronic structure as argon.
Formation of an Ionic Bond
∙∙ ∙∙
Draw the Lewis dot symbols
∙
Ca∙
of the elements.
∙ Cl ∙∙ ∙ ∙ Cl ∙∙
∙∙ ∙∙
∙∙ ∙∙
Transfer all the valance
∙
Ca
electrons from the metal to
the nonmetal, adding more
of each atom as you go, until : Cl : Ca2+ : Cl :
all electrons are lost from the
metal atoms and all CaCl2
nonmetal atoms have 8
19
electrons.
Formation of MgCl2
Two
A magnesium
3s electrons
ionof(Mg 2+
magnesium
2+) and
and twotransfer
chloridetoions (Cl-ionic
the are
half-filled
) are
The forces holding Mg two Cl- together
3p
formed.
orbitals of two chlorine atoms.
bonds.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
formula unit
monatomic ion
oxidation number
polyatomic ion
oxyanion
Formulas for Ionic Compounds