NET201 Midterm Lecture 1 2 Routing Concepts and Static Routing Protocol

NET201 Midterm
Lecture 1 & 2 -
Routing Concepts
and Static Routing
Protocol
Routing Protocols
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
PART 1:
1. Routing Concepts
2. Initial Configuration of a Router
3. Routing Decisions
4. Routing Operation
PART 2:
1. Static Routing Implementation
2. Configure Static and Default Routes
3. Configure Summary and Floating Static Routes
4. Troubleshoot Static and Default Route Issues
Lecture Objectives
 After this lecture, the student should be able to:
1. Configure a router to route between multiple directly connected
networks
2. Describe the primary functions and features of a router.
3. Explain how routers use information in data packets to make
forwarding decisions in a small to medium-sized business network.
4. Explain the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process used by
routers when switching packets between interfaces
5. Compare ways in which a router builds a routing table when
operating in a small to medium-sized business network.
6. Explain routing table entries for directly connected networks.
7. Explain how a router builds a routing table of directly connected
networks.
8. Explain how a router builds a routing table using static routes.
Lecture Objectives
9. Explain how a router builds a routing table using a dynamic routing
protocol
10. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
11. Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
12. Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop
address.
13. Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
14. Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
15. Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is
configured.
16. Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
PART 1
ROUTING CONCEPT
Functions of a Router
Characteristics of a Network
Why Routing?
 The router is responsible for the routing of traffic
between networks.
Routers are Computers
 Routers are specialized computers containing the
following required components to operate:
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Operating system (OS) - Routers use Cisco IOS
• Memory and storage (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash, hard
drive)
 Routers utilize the following memory:
Routers are Computers
 Routers use specialized ports and network interface
cards to interconnect to other networks
Routers Interconnect Networks
 Routers can connect multiple networks.
 Routers have multiple interfaces, each on a different IP
network.
Routers Choose Best Paths
 Determine the best path to send packets
• Uses its routing table to determine path
 Forward packets toward their destination

• Forwards packet to interface indicated in routing table.
• Encapsulates the packet and forwards out toward destination.
 Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols

to learn about remote networks and build their routing
tables.
Routers Choose Best Paths
Packet Forwarding Methods
1. Process switching – An older
packet forwarding mechanism still
available for Cisco routers.
2. Fast switching – A common
packet forwarding mechanism
which uses a fast-switching
cache to store next hop
information.
3. Cisco Express Forwarding
(CEF) – The most recent, fastest,
and preferred Cisco IOS packet-
forwarding mechanism.
• Table entries are not packet-triggered
like fast switching but change-
triggered.
Connect Devices
Connect to a Network
Connect Devices
Default Gateways
 To enable network access
devices must be configured
with the following IP
address information
1. IP address - identifies a
unique host on a local
network.
2. Subnet mask - identifies
the host’s network
subnet.
3. Default gateway -
identifies the router a
packet is sent to to when
the destination is not on
the same local network
subnet.
Connect Devices
Document Network Addressing
 Network Documentation should include at least the following in
a topology diagram and addressing table:
1. Device names
2. Interfaces
3. IP addresses and
4. subnet mask
5. Default gateways
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Host
1. Statically Assigned IP address – host is manually
assigned the IP address, subnet mask and default
gateway. DNS server IP address can also be
assigned.
• Used to identify specific network resources such as network
servers and printers
• Can be used in very small networks with few hosts.
2. Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address

information is dynamically assigned by a server
using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Most hosts acquire their IP address information through DHCP
• DHCP services can be provided by Cisco routers
Connect Devices
Device LEDs
Connect Devices
Console Access
 Console access
requires:
1. Console cable –
RJ-45 -to-DB-9
console cable
2. Terminal
emulation software
– Tera Term,
PuTTY,
HyperTerminal
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Switch
 Network infrastructure devices require IP addresses to enable
remote management.
 On a switch the management IP address is assigned on a
virtual interface
Basic Settings on a Router
Configure Basic Router Settings
 Basics tasks that should be first configured on a Cisco Router and
Cisco Switch:
1. Name the device – Distinguishes it from other routers
2. Secure management access – Secures privileged EXEC, user EXEC, and
Telnet access, and encrypts passwords to their highest level
3. Configure a banner – Provides legal notification of unauthorized access.
Configure Router Interfaces
 To be available a router
interface must be:
1. Configured with an
address and subnet
mask .
2. Activated – by default
LAN and WAN interfaces
are not activated. Must be
activated using no
shutdown command.
3. Other parameters - serial
cable end labeled DCE
must be configured with
the clock rate command.
4. Optional description can
be included.
Configure an IPv6 Router Interface
 Configure interface with IPv6 address
and subnet mask.
1. Use the ipv6 address ipv6-
address/ipv6-length [link-
local | eui-64] interface
configuration command.
2. Activate – using no shutdown
command.
 IPv6 interfaces can support more
than one address:
1. Configure a specified global unicast -
ipv6-address /ipv6-length
2. Configure a global IPv6 address with an
interface identifier (ID) in the low-order
64 bits - ipv6-address /ipv6-
length eui-64
3. Configure a link-local address - ipv6-
address /ipv6-length link-
local
Configure a Loopback Interface
 Loopback interface
is a logical interface
internal to the router.
• It is not assigned to a
physical port, it is
considered a software
interface that is
automatically in an
UP state.
• Useful for testing and
important in the
OSPF routing
process.
Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks
Verify Interface Settings
 Show commands to verify
operation and configuration
of interface.
• show ip
interfaces brief
• show ip route
• show running-
config
 Show commands to gather
more detailed interface
information.
• show interfaces
• show ip
interfaces
Verify Interface Settings
 show ipv6 interface
brief - displays a summary
for each of the interfaces.
 show ipv6 interface
gigabitethernet 0/0 -
displays the interface status
and all the IPv6 addresses for
this interface.
 show ipv6 route - verify
that IPv6 networks and
specific IPv6 interface
addresses have been
installed in the IPv6 routing
table.
 show interface
 show ipv6 routers
Filter Show Command Output
 Use the terminal length number command to specify the
number of lines to be displayed.
• A value of 0 (zero) prevents the router from pausing between screens
of output.
 To filter specific output of commands use the (|) pipe character
after show command. Parameters that can be used after pipe
include: section, include, exclude, begin
Command History Feature
 Recall commands – Ctrl + P or the UP arrow
 To return to more recent commands – Ctrl + N or
DOWN arrow
 Command history is enabled and captures the last 10
commands in buffer – show history displays
contents
 Use terminal history size to increase or
decrease size of the buffer.
Switching Packets between Networks
Router Switching Functions
Send a Packet
Forward to the Next Hop
Packet Routing
Reach the Destination
Path Determination
Routing Decisions
Path Determination
Best Path
 Best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the value or
metric it uses to determine the distance to reach a network.
 A metric is the value used to measure the distance to a given
network.
 Best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric.
 Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics to
build and update routing tables for example:
 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - hop count
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - cost based on cumulative bandwidth
from source to destination
 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - bandwidth, delay,
load, reliability
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - cost based on cumulative bandwidth from
source to destination
 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - bandwidth, delay,
load, reliability
Path Determination
Load Balancing
 When a router has two or more paths to a
destination with equal cost metrics, then the
router forwards the packets using both paths
equally.
Path Determination of the route
Administrative Distance
 If multiple paths to a destination are configured on a router,
the path Administrative Distance (AD)h installed in the
routing table is the one with the best.
 Administrative Distance is the “trustworthiness”
 The lower the AD the more trustworthy the route.
The Routing Table
The Routing Table
 Routing table is a file stored in RAM that contains
information about
1. Directly Connected Routes
2. Remote Routes
3. Network or Next hop Associations
The Routing Table
Routing Table Sources
 show ip route command is used to display the contents
of the routing table
1. Link local Interfaces –Added to the routing table when
an interface is configured. (displayed in IOS 15 or
newer)
2. Directly connected interfaces -Added to the routing
table when an interface is configured and active.
3. Static routes - Added when a route is manually
configured and the exit interface is active.
4. Dynamic routing protocol - Added when EIGRP or
OSPF are implemented and networks are identified.
The Routing Table
Routing Table Sources
The Routing Table
Remote Network Routing Entries
 Interpreting the entries in the routing table.
Directly Connected Routes
Directly Connected Interfaces
 A newly deployed router, without any configured interfaces, has
an empty routing table.
 An active, configured directly connected interface creates two
routing table entries Link Local (L) and Directly Connected
(C)
Directly Connected Routes
Directly Connected IPv6 Example
 The show ipv6 route command shows the ipv6
networks and routes installed in the routing table
Statically Learned Routes
Static Routes
 Manually configured
 Define an explicit path between two networking devices.
 Must be manually updated if the topology changes.
 Benefits include improved security and control of
resources.
 Static route to a specific network.
• ip route network-add {next-hop-ip | exit-intf}
 Default Static Route used when the routing table does not
contain a path for a destination network.
• ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {exit-intf | next-hop-ip
Static Routes Example
Static IPv6 Routes Example
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic Routing
 Used by routers to share information about the
reachability and status of remote networks.
 Performs network discovery and maintaining routing
tables.
IPv4 Routing Protocols
 Cisco ISR routers can support a variety of dynamic IPv4
routing protocols including:
1. EIGRP – Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
2. OSPF – Open Shortest Path First
3. IS-IS – Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
4. RIP – Routing Information Protocol
 Cisco ISR routers can support a variety of
dynamic IPv6 routing protocols including:
1. RIPng (RIP next generation)
2. OSPF v3
3. EIGRP for IPv6
4. MP-BGP4 (Multicast Protocol-Border
Gateway Protocol)
PART 2
STATIC ROUTING PROTOCOL
Static Routing
Reach Remote Networks
 A router can learn about remote networks in one
of two ways:
1. Manually - Remote networks are manually
entered into the route table using static routes.
2. Dynamically - Remote routes are
automatically learned using a dynamic routing
protocol.
Static Routing
Why Use Static Routing?
 Static routing provides some advantages over dynamic
routing, including:
1. Do not advertised over the network, resulting in better
security.
2. Use less bandwidth than dynamic routing protocols,
no CPU cycles are used to calculate and
communicate routes.
3. The path a static route uses to send data is known.
Static Routing
Why Use Static Routing? (continued)
 Static routing has the following disadvantages:
1. Initial configuration and maintenance is time-
consuming.
2. Configuration is error-prone, especially in large
networks.
3. Administrator intervention is required to maintain
changing route information.
4. Does not scale well with growing networks;
maintenance becomes cumbersome.
5. Requires complete knowledge of the whole network
for proper implementation.
Static Routing
When to use Static Routes
 Static routing has three primary uses:
1. Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller
networks that are not expected to grow significantly.
2. Routing to and from stub networks.

• A stub network is a network accessed by a single route,
and the router has no other neighbors.
3. Using a single default route to represent a path to any network

that does not have a more specific match with another route in
the routing table.
• Default routes are used to send traffic to any destination
beyond the next upstream router.
Types of Static Routes
Static Route Applications
 Static routes are often used to:
1. Connect to a specific network
2. Provide a Gateway of Last Resort for a stub
network
3. Reduce the number of routes advertised by
summarizing several contiguous networks
as one static route
4. Create a backup route in case a primary
route link fails
Standard Static Route
Default Static Route
 A default static route is a route that matches all
packets.
 A default route identifies the gateway IP address to
which the router sends all IP packets that it does not
have a learned or static route.
 A default static route is simply a static route with
0.0.0.0/0 as the destination IPv4 address.
• ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 exit-if
Summary Static Route
R1(conf)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0
Floating Static Route
 Floating static routes are static routes that are used to
provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic
route, in the event of a link failure.
 The floating static route is only used when the primary
route is not available.
 In order to accomplish
this, the floating static
route is configured with
a higher administrative
distance than the primary
route.
Configure IPv4 Static Routes
ip route Command
Next-Hop Options
 The next hop can be identified by an IP address, exit
interface, or both.
 How the destination is specified creates one of the three
following route types:
1. Next-hop route - Only the next-hop IP address is
specified.
2. Directly connected static route - Only the router exit
interface is specified.
3. Fully specified static route - The next-hop IP
address and exit interface are specified.
Configure a Next-Hop Static Route
 When a packet is destined for
the 192.168.2.0/24 network, R1:
1. Looks for a match in the
routing table and finds that it
has to forward the packets
to the next-hop IPv4
address 172.16.2.2.
2. R1 must now determine
how to reach 172.16.2.2;
therefore, it searches a
second time for a
172.16.2.2 match.
Configure Directly Connected Static Route
Configure a Fully Specified Static Route
 In a fully specified static route, both the output interface
and the next-hop IP address are specified.
• This is another type of static route that is used in
older IOS’s, prior to CEF.
• This form of static route is used when the output
interface is a multi-access interface and it is
necessary to explicitly identify the next hop.
• The next hop must be directly connected to the
specified exit interface.
Verify a Static Route
Along with ping and traceroute, useful commands to
verify static routes include:
 show ip route
 show ip route static
 show ip route network
Configure IPv4 Default Routes
Default Static Route
Configure a Default Static Route
next hop address
R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0
exit interface of R1
Verify a Default Static Route
Configure Floating Static Routes
Configure a Floating Static Route
Configure Floating Static Routes
Test the Floating Static Route
 Use a show ip route command to verify that the
routing table is using the default static route.
 Use a traceroute command to follow the traffic flow
out the primary route.
 Disconnect the primary link or shutdown the primary
exit interface.
 Use a show ip route command to verify that the
routing table is using the floating static route.
 Use a traceroute command to follow the traffic flow
out the backup route.
Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration
Troubleshoot a Missing Route
Common IOS troubleshooting commands include:
 ping
 traceroute
 show ip route
 show ip interface brief
 show cdp neighbors detail
The ipv6 route Command
 Most of parameters are identical to the IPv4 version of
the command.
 IPv6 static routes can also be implemented as:
1. Standard IPv6 static route
2. Default IPv6 static route
3. Summary IPv6 static route
4. Floating IPv6 static route
Next-Hop Options
 The next hop can be identified by an IPv6
address, exit interface, or both. How the
destination is specified creates one of three
route types:
1. Next-hop IPv6 route - Only the next-hop IPv6
address is specified.
2. Directly connected static IPv6 route - Only the
router exit interface is specified.
3. Fully specified static IPv6 route - The next-hop
IPv6 address and exit interface are specified.
Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route
Configure Directly connected Static IPv6 Route
Configure Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route
Verify IPv6 Static Routes
Along with ping and traceroute, useful commands to
verify static routes include:
 show ipv6 route
 show ipv6 route static
 show ipv6 route network
Default Static IPv6 Route
Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route
Verify a Default Static Route

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NET201 Midterm

 Routers utilize the following memory:

 Forward packets toward their destination

 Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols

2. Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address

3. Configure a banner – Provides legal notification of unauthorized access.

2. Routing to and from stub networks.

3. Using a single default route to represent a path to any network

R1(conf)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0

next hop address

R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0

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