The Cell

E N DOM EMBR ANE SYSTEM ,

MI TOCHON DR IA, CHLOROP LASTS,
CYTOS K E LETON, A N D
E X T RACELLU L AR COM P ON ENTS
Objectives:

UNDERSTAND THE HISTORY EXPLAIN THE POSTULATES DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL RELATE THE STRUCTURE
OF THE CELL OF CELL THEORY AND FUNCTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE CELL AND COMPOSITION OF THE
AND SUBCELLULAR CELL MEMBRANE TO ITS
ORGANELLES FUNCTION
 Identify the names of the following
people who contributed in the
history of cells

GUESS WHO… To guess their names, think of the

letter after the given alphabet.

Example: C-N-F = D-O-G

QNADQS GNNJD

ROBERT HOOKE
1665 – Robert Hooke
• CURATOR OF INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ROYAL SOCIETY
OF ENGLAND
Observed cells in cork.
Gave them the Latin name
cellulae
Coined the term "cells”.

Cork Cells
ZMSN YZM
KDDTVDMGNDJ

ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK
1673- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• A DUTCH SHOPKEEPER

Created a powerful microscope

Coined the term “animalcules”
QNADQS AQNVM

ROBERT BROWN
1827-33 - Robert Brown
English botanist
discovered the nucleus

Nucleus

Human Cheek Cell

LZSSGHZR
RBGKDHCDM
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
1838 - Matthias Schleiden
A botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells.

Typical Plant Cell

SGDNCNQ
RBGVZMM
THEODOR SCHWANN
1839 - Theodor Schwann
A zoologist who concluded that all
animals are made of cells.

Nerve Cells
QTCNKE
UHQBGNV
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
1858 –Rudolf Virchow
German physician,
after extensive study
of cellular pathology,
concluded that cells
must arise from
preexisting cells.
Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of
one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in an organism.
3. Cells come only from existing cells.
 What cell parts can be
found in both prokaryotic and
Essential Questions eukaryotic cells? Discuss the
(EQ): function/s of each part.
Think-Pair-Share: Recap about the
differences and similarities of:

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell Cell
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Nucleus
Prokaryotic
Cells
Prokaryotes – The first Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound

organelles
Includes bacteria
Simplest type of cell
Single, circular chromosome

21
Prokaryotes

Nucleoid region (center)

contains the DNA
Surrounded by cell
membrane & cell wall
(peptidoglycan)
Contain ribosomes (no
membrane) in their
cytoplasm to make
proteins

22
Eukaryotic Cells

Typical Animal Cell

 Eukaryotes

Cells that HAVE a nucleus and

membrane-bound organelles
Includes protists, fungi,
plants, and animals
More complex type of cells

24
Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell

structures:
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with
organelles

25
 Eukaryotic Cell

the machinery of the cell is

compartmentalized into
organelles:
1. allows conflicting
functions (synthesis vs.
breakdown) and several
cellular activities to occur
simultaneously without
interference from each other
26
 Eukaryotic Cell

the machinery of the cell is

compartmentalized into
organelles:
2. separates the DNA
material of the nucleus,
mitochondria, and
chloroplast

27
 Eukaryotic Cell

the machinery of the cell is

compartmentalized into
organelles:
3. increases the surface
area-volume ratio of the cell

28
 Not all organelles are
surrounded by a membrane.
Clarification of
some The plasma or cell membrane
misconceptions: is different from the cell wall

Not all cell parts are present

in all kinds of cells
EQ: What cell parts can be found in both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Discuss the
function/s of each part.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Cell Membrane
Protoplasm (Nucleoid region and cytosol)
Ribosomes
Compare
the cell to
a big city
The city will
need power.
What
generates
power for the
city?
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Energy-Related Organelles: Mitochondria
Energy-Related Organelles: Mitochondria
Smaller than chloroplast
Contain ribosomes and their own DNA
Surrounded by a double membrane
Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and
is folded to form cristae
Matrix –inner semifluid containing
respiratory enzymes
 Break down carbohydrates

Involved in cellular respiration

Produce most of ATP utilized by the
cell
Energy-Related
Organelles:
Chloroplast
Bound by a double
membrane organized
into flattened disc-like
sacs called thylakoids
Chlorophyll and
other pigments
capture solar energy
Enzymes synthesize
carbohydrates
The city generates waste. How does it minimize its waste? How
does the city handle its garbage?
Membrane-bound
vesicles (not in plants)
Produced by the
Golgi apparatus
Contain powerful
digestive enzymes
and are highly acidic
Digestion of large
molecules
Recycling of
cellular resources
The city requires raw materials to process into food, clothing, and
housing materials. Where are these raw materials processed?
Golgi Apparatus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

secretion

transport saccules
vesicle
transport
vesicle

trans face

cis face

Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

0.1 m

Courtesy Charles Flickinger, from Journal of Cell Biology 49: 221-226, 1971, Fig. 1 page 224

39
 Endomembrane System:
The Golgi Apparatus
 Golgi Apparatus
 Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved saccules
 Resembles stack of hollow pancakes
 Modifies proteins and lipids
 Receives vesicles from ER on cis (or inner face)
 Packages them in vesicles
 Prepares for “shipment” in v Packages them in vesicles from trans (or
outer face)
 Within cell
 Export from cell (secretion, exocytosis)

40
Other
parts of
the cell
The Cytoplasm
 Plasma Membrane
Fluid mosaic model:
Working model of the membrane
Protein molecules bobbing in phospholipid bilayer
Determine membrane’s specific functions
 Structure of the Cell Membrane

Phospholipids
Most abundant lipid
Polar/hydrophilic head(attracted to water)
Pair of nonpolar/hydrophobic tails(repelled by water)
Nucleus
 Command center of cell, usually near center
 Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
 Consists of double layer of membrane
 Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm
 Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm
 Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins
 Condenses to form chromosomes
 Chromosomes are formed during cell division
 Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA
 Produces subunits of ribosomes

46
Ribosomes
 Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell
 Composed of rRNA
 Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
 Subunits made in nucleolus

 May be located:
 On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it “rough”), or
 Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes

47
Nucleus, Ribosomes, & ER
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)

ER membrane
protein
4. An enzyme removes
the signal peptide. Lumen of ER

5. Ribosomal subunits and

mRNA break away. The
protein remains in the ER enzyme
and folds into its final shape.

mRNA receptor

SRP
signal recognition
particle (SRP)

2. Signal recognition
3. SRP attaches to receptor (purple); particle (SRP) binds
a channel opens; and the to signal peptide.
polypeptide enters ER..

signal peptide
ribosomal
subunits nuclear pore
ribosome

mRNA

mRNA DNA

1. mRNA is leaving the

nucleus and is attached Nucleus
to the ribosome; protein
synthesis is occurring.

48
Endomembrane System
 Series of intracellular membranes that compartmentalize the cell
 Restrict enzymatic reactions to specific compartments within cell
 Consists of:
 Nuclear envelope
 Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Vesicles
 Several types
 Transport materials between organelles of system

49
 Endomembrane System:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
 A system of membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) continuous with the outer
membrane of the nuclear envelope
 Rough ER
 Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
 Protein anabolism
 Synthesizes proteins
 Modifies and processes proteins
 Adds sugar to protein
 Results in glycoproteins
 Smooth ER
 No ribosomes
 Synthesis of lipids
 Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
 Forms transport vesicles

50
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ribosomes nuclear envelope

rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

0.08 m
© R. Bolender & D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

51
The Cytoskeleton
 Maintains cell shape

 Assists in movement of cell and organelles

 Three types of macromolecular fibers

 Actin Filaments

 Intermediate Filaments

 Microtubules

 Assemble and disassemble as needed

52
Microtubular Arrays: Centrioles
 Short, hollow cylinders
 Composed of 27 microtubules
 Microtubules arranged into 9 overlapping triplets
 One pair per animal cell
 Located in centrosome of animal cells
 Oriented at right angles to each other
 Separate during mitosis to determine plane of division
 May give rise to basal bodies of cilia and flagella

53
Cytoskeleton: Centrioles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

empty center
of centriole

one microtubule
triplet

one centrosome: one pair of centrioles

two centrosomes: two pairs of centrioles 200 nm

(Middle): Courtesy Kent McDonald, University of Colorado Boulder; (Bottom): Journal of Structural Biology, Online by Manley McGill et al. Copyright 1976 by Elsevier

54
Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center
Peroxisomes
 Similar to lysosomes
 Membrane-bounded vesicles
 Enclose enzymes
 However
 Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm (instead of ER)
 Active in lipid metabolism
 Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide H2O2
 Toxic
 Broken down to water & O2 by catalase

55
Peroxisomes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

100 nm
© S.E. Frederick & E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service

56
Vacuoles
 Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles
 Store materials that occur in excess
 Others very specialized (contractile vacuole)
 Plants cells typically have a central vacuole
 Up to 90% volume of some cells
 Functions in:
 Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products
 Development of turgor pressure
 Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes

57
Vacuoles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

100 nm
© Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service

58
MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES NON-MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES

NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CENTRIOLES

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CYTOSKELETON

GOLGI APPARATUS

VACUOLES AND VESICLES

MITOCHONDRIA

CHLOROPLAST AND OTHER PLASTIDS

LYSOSOMES

PEROXISOME
Animal Cell and Plant Cell
Animal Cell Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules

protein

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Cytoskeleton: maintains membrane with nuclear pores
cell shape and assists movement that encloses nucleus
of cell parts: Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces
cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Intermediate filaments: protein and lipid metabolism
protein fibers that provide Rough ER: studded with
stability of shape ribosomes that synthesize
Actin filaments: protein proteins
fibers that play a role in Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:
organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts
synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-
bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration,
matrix outside nucleus producing ATP molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
*not in plant cells and secretes modified proteins

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 Plant Cell Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucleus: command center of cell

Central vacuole*: large, fluid-filled
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with
sac that stores metabolites and
nuclear pores that encloses nucleus
helps maintain turgor pressure
Nucleolus: produces subunits of ribosomes
Chromatin: diffuse threads containing Cell wall of adjacent cell
DNA and protein
Nuclear pore: permits passage of Middle lamella:
proteins into nucleus and ribosomal cements together the
subunits out of nucleus primary cell walls of
Ribosomes: carry adjacent plant cells
out protein synthesis Chloroplast*: carries
Centrosome: out photosynthesis,
microtubule organizing producing sugars
center (lacks centrioles)
Granum*: a stack
Endoplasmic of chlorophyll-containing
reticulum: protein thylakoids
and lipid metabolism in a chloroplast
Rough ER: studded Mitochondrion: organelle
with ribosomes that that carries out cellular
synthesize proteins respiration, producing
ATP molecules
Smooth ER: lacks
ribosomes, synthesizes Microtubules: protein cylinders
lipid molecules that aid movement of organelles
Peroxisome: vesicle that Actin filaments: protein fibers
is involved in fatty acid that play a role in movement of
metabolism cell and organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes,
Plasma membrane: surrounds
packages, and secretes
cytoplasm, and regulates entrance
modified proteins
and exit of molecules
Cytoplasm: semifluid matrix outside Cell wall*: outer surface that shapes,
nucleus that contains organelles supports, and protects cell

*not in animal cells

62
Performance Task:
Produces prepared slide of cheek
cell and plant cell (Hydrilla plant)
that entailed to the understanding
between animal and plant cell
The Cell
E N DOM EMBR ANE SYSTEM ,
MI TOCHON DR IA, CHLOROP LASTS,
CYTOS K E LETON, A N D
E X T RACELLU L AR COM P ON ENTS