planning techniques and

tools and their

application
Chapter 3

Lesson 4
 Techniques and Tools
Forecasting
Contingency planning
Scenario planning
Benchmarking
Participatory Planning
• For effective planning in today’s
dynamic environments, these different
techniques and tools must be or
essential to be used
According to Schermerhon (2008),

forecasting is an attempt tp predict what may happen

in the future.These planning types without exception make
used for forecasting.Business periodicals publish forecasts
such as employment and unemployment rates,increase or
decrease of interest rates,stock market data,GNP/GDP
data ,and others .It must be used maybe for qualitative and
quantitative.
However ,are just aids to planning and must be
treated with caution.

As the name implies,forecasts are prediction

and maybe inaccurate,at times,due to errors of
human judgements.
 CONTINGENCY FACTORS
• It offers alternative courses of action when the unexpected
happens or when things go wrong.
• It must be prepared by managers,ready for implementation when
things do not turn out as they should be.
• It is called “trigger points” indicate when the prepared alternative
plan should be implemented.
Some organization use a gantt
chart to properly schedule
production processes and
allocate resources
 Chart Title
ID TASK Predeccessors DURATION
NAME JULY 23, 2006
1 START 0 DAYS S M T W F S
2 A 1 4 DAYS
3 B 1 5.33 DAYS
4 C 2 5.17 DAYS
5 D 3 6.33 DAYS
6 E 3.4 5.17 DAYS
7 F 5 4.5 DAYS
8 G 6 5.17 DAYS
9 finish 7.8 0 DAYS
 BENCHMARKING

• Is another planning technique that generally involves

external comparisons of a companys practices and
technologies with those of other companies.

• Its main purpose is to find out what other people and

organizations do well and then plan how to incorporate.
 PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

• Is a planning process that includes the people who

will be affected by the plans and those who will be
asked to implement them in planning steps.
THANKS FOR WATCHING AND
MAY YOUR DAY BE BLESSED