Professional Documents
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Unit 1 Nature of Organization Management
Unit 1 Nature of Organization Management
&
MANAGEMENT
UNIT 1
Lav Nigam
Nature Of Organization
What is an organization?
An organization is a collection of
people who work together and
coordinate their actions
to achieve a wide variety of goals
Nature Of Organization
Formal & Informal Organization:
Formal organization characterized by intentional structure of
Roles & Responsibilities coordinated towards achievement of
common goals.
Informal organization is characterized by group of people within
the organization having common values, interests & desires.
Eg the various clubs in organizations, employees meeting
together during tea & lunch time.
Informal organization plays an important role in the formal
structure.
Principles Of Organization:
Division of Labor
Unity Of Command
Authority & Responsibility
Span Of Control
Nature Of Organization
Division Of Labor:
Breaking down of jobs into simple & repetitive tasks. Individual
specialize in part of job. Eg: Assembly line production.
Advantages:
1. Efficient use of diversity of skilled / unskilled labor
2. Repetition improves performance skill.
3. No time wasted in putting away tools & equipments while
changing jobs.
4. Training for specialization is more efficient from organization’s
perspective.
Disadvantages:
Leads to boredom, fatigue, stress, low productivity, poor
quality, absenteeism & high turnover.
To overcome this, employees were given variety of activities.
Techniques like Job Enlargement & Job Enrichment are
practised.
Nature Of Organization
Unity Of Command:
No member of organization should report to more than one
superior. This is to ensure that conflicting demands &
priorities are not received by the employee.
Modern organizations have employees reporting to more than
one superior, eg in matrix organization structure.
Authority & Responsibility:
Authority is the right inherent in a manager to give orders & be
obeyed. Required to coordinate activities in an organization.
Can b e delegated to subordinates for proper functioning &
efficient performance.
Responsibility comes with authority. Two types of responsibility:
1. Operating Responsibility – can be delegated to subordinate
2. Ultimate responsibility – cannot be delegated. Remains with
the manager who is accountable for the actions & omissions
of his subordinates.
Nature Of Organization
Span Of Control:
Refers to the number of people the manager controls. Difficult to
determine the optimum number. Narrow span leads to many
hierarchies and a tall organization structure. Wide span will
result in few hierarchies and a wider structure.
Scalar principle: Authority & responsibility should flow in a clear
unbroken line from top to bottom.
Departmentalization: Breaking down activities into specialized
groups. Purpose is to specialize activities, simplify task of
managers & maintain control. Massie suggegsts following
criterion for departmentalization:
Group simple activities together based on likeness of
persons, qualifications, or common purpose (medical etc)
Activity may be grouped with other activities with which it is
used ( safety & production).
Functions to be assigned to executives most interested
Nature Of Organization
Departmentalization: (contd)
Activities to be grouped to encourage competition among
departments or avoid friction amongst departments.
When difficulty in making definite distinctions in two activities,
group them together.
Functions requiring close coordination should be grouped
together.
Span Of Management:
No ideal number for the management span. Davis identified two
spans: (1) Operative span of lower level managers & (2)
Executive span of middle & top management. Suggested that
operative span should be around 30 and executive span not
more than 6.
Today, focus is on identifying factors that make span more
effective.
Nature Of Organization
Forms Of Business Organizations:
Private Enterprise:
Sole / Proprietary / Trader
Partnership
Company – Private Co or Public Co.
Co-operative Sector Enterprise:
Co-operative Society
Co-operative Store
Public Sector Enterprise:
Government departments
Government Companies
Statutory Corporation
Statutory Board Or Commissions
SAMPLE ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
Nature Of Management
Definition:
“ Effective & Efficient integration & coordination of
resources to achieve the desired objectives” .
Thus, management is a process by which managers create a
climate so that employee achieves both personal &
organizational growth.
This implies:
Process by which personal & organizational goals achieved
Process implies planning, organizing, staffing, leading &
controlling – functions of management
Management process influenced by environment – external &
internal
Managers act as facilitators for achievement of goals.
Nature Of Management
Goals Of Management:
Ultimate aim of any business organization is to make profit.
Desirable aim is to create a surplus. Achieved by creating &
maintaining an environment in which individuals can achieve
common organizational goals by spending minimum amount
of time, money, material & achieve maximum personal
satisfaction.
Thus, goal is task related & maintenance related (maintaining
personal satisfaction).
Another perspective of goal is to increase productivity.
Productivity = Output / Input
Productivity also implies effectiveness & efficiency.
Effectiveness gauged by attainment of objectives.
Efficiency gauged by attainment of objectives with minimum
resources.
Management concerned with not only achieving objectives but
achieving them efficiently.
Nature Of Management
Functions Of A Manager:
An individual who plans, organizes, staffs, leads & controls
resources effectively & efficiently to attain organizational
goals.
Planning: Futuristic perspective. Setting goals to meet the
organization objectives.
Involves forecasting, identifying threats & opportunities in
external environment, strengths & weakness in internal
environment, setting objectives & taking decision on course of
action to be taken to achieve the objectives. Determines
where we are & where we would want to be. How to bridge
the gap.
Manager plans to identify the most appropriate course of action to
meet the future conditions.
Corporate Planning department formulates strategic plan of
organization – long term objectives, strategy, product /
services. Subsequently, operational plan, delegate authority &
responsibility to various units.
Nature Of Management
Organizing: Grouping of activities, allocating authority among
members so that they can achieve the organization goals.
Function creates organization structure, delegation of
authority, creates hierarchy. Goals of organization determine
type of structure. Ex: Start-up require simple structure,
manufacturing organization require classical organization,
government department require bureaucratic organization.
Staffing: Involves manning & keeping the different positions
manned in the organization structure. Achieved by identifying
the skills required, recruiting, selecting, appraising, training
and developing organization personnel.
Leading: Most important function of the manager. Influence the
subordinates to direct efforts towards achievement of
organization goal – motivate and maintain an effective system
of communication. Manager should understand the needs of
subordinates & help them in satisfying them and coordinating
them with organizational objectives.
Nature Of Management
Controlling: Ensure that the actions of the subordinates are as
per plan & lead towards the organization goal. Involves
setting of standards of performance at strategic point,
leading, motivating, supervising employees , measuring
actual performance (monitoring & reviewing activities of
supervisor) & taking corrective action where ever required.
Managerial function performed at all levels – CEO to supervisor
in all organizations – small, large organization, hospital,
manufacturing, service, NGO etc.
Top level managers spend more time in planning & organizing.
First level manager (supervisor) spend more time in leading.
Top level manager function at the macro-level (organization),
lower level manager operate at micro-level (individual & work
group).
Nature Of Management
Time Distribution Of Manager
Top-Level Managers Planning Organizing Leading Controlling
Activity
Middle-Level Managers Planning Organizing Leading Controlling
Management Skills
Nature Of Management
Roles Of Manager:
Position that is acted by an individual in an organization.
Manager plays several formal & informal roles.
Informal role not prescribed by organization. Same
person may have one role in one situation & another
role in another situation.
Mintzberg proposed three types of roles:
1. Interpersonal Role
2. Informational Role
3. Decisional Role
Nature Of Management
Formal Authority
Nature Of Management
Decision Maker:
Entrepreneur: Initiates development of project & arrange for
the resources.
Disturbance Handler: Acts as crisis manager reacting to
problems & pressures of the situation.
Resource Allocator: Decides who gets what in his
department.
Negotiator: Negotiates with his subordinates.