Introduction to Computing

BY
Amna Zaib
ITC By Amna Zaib- Fall 2019
 Data Processing Levels

A process to convert data into information is known as Data Processing.

 Levels of Data Processing

 Manual Data Processing (human effort; without using a machine or tool)
 Mechanical Data Processing (calculators)
 Electronic Data Processing ( computers)
 Fast, accurate, cost efficient, consistency, etc.

ITC By Amna Zaib- Fall 2019

Advantages of Computers

 Speed
 Reliability
 Consistency
 Storage
 Communication
 Social Inclusion
 Automation
 Accuracy

ITC by Amna Zaib-Fall 2019

Disadvantages of Computers

 Health risks
 Data security
 Social isolation
 Privacy at stake
 Addiction
 Impact on environment
 Immorality
 Unemployment

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 Generations of Computers

Generation refers to the type of technology used in the computer construction

 First Generation
 Vacuum Tube Technology
 Second Generation
 Transistor Technology
 Third Generation
 Integrated Circuit (IC)
 Fourth Generation
 LSI(Large Scale Integration), VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration), Microprocessor
 Fifth Generation
 Artificial Intelligence(AI), Voice Recognition, Parallel Processing

ITC by Amna Zaib-Fall 2019

CS-101: ITC by Aisha Liaqat-Fall 2019
 Types of Computers

 Analog Computers
 Accept data in continuous form
 Help measure continuous values
 Speedometers, etc.
 Digital Computers
 Discrete values
 Binary so 0 or 1
 digital watches, etc.
 Hybrid Computers
 Both analog and digital
 Special purpose computers
 ECG machines, etc.

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Categories of Computers

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 Computer Usage

 Mathematical
 Scientific
 Economical
 Business
 Publishing
 Healthcare
 Travel
 Security
 Entertainment
 Learning

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 Computer Users

 Home User
 Small Office/Home Office
 Mobile User
 Enterprise User
 Power User

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 Parts of the Computer System

 Computer systems have four parts

 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 User

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 Parts of the Computer System

 Hardware
 Mechanical devices in the computer
 Anything that can be touched

 Software
 Tell the computer what to do
 Also called a program
 Thousands of programs exist

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 Parts of the Computer System

 Data
 Pieces of information
 Computer organize and present data

 Users
 People operating the computer
 Most important part
 Tell the computer what to do

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 Information Processing Cycle

 Steps followed to process data

 Input
 Processing
 Output
 Storage

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 HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

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 Essential Computer Hardware

 Hardware consists of physical aspects of computers.

 It consists of
 Internal Hardware (CPU, motherboard, RAM, ROM)
 Storage Hardware (hard disk, floppy discs, CD, DVD )
 Input Hardware (keyboard, mouse)
 Output Hardware (printer, monitor, speakers)

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Inside the System Unit

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 CPU is the brain of the computer. It controls and processes all the information in
the computer.
 CPU consists of
 Control Unit
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Registers

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 Control Unit (CU)

CU coordinates all activities of the computer by:

 Determining which operations to perform and in what order to carry them out.
 Transmits coordinating control signals to other computer components.

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 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

ALU consists of electronic circuitry to perform:

 Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)

 Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and to make some comparisons (less-than, equal,
… etc.)

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 Registers

 Quickly accessible memory locations to the CPU

 Available inside a processor.
 Small in number, small in size
 Different manufacturers have different naming conventions for their registers.
 E.g r1,r2 or AX,BX, etc.
 Each register has some specific functionality

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 Memory

 Enables a computer to store data, programs, and intermediate results

 Two types
 RAM (temporary)
 ROM (permanent)

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 Random Access Memory

 RAM is the place in a computer where the operating system, application

programs, and data which is in process are kept so that they can be reached by
the computer's processor
 It temporarily holds the data
 Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
 The more information being processed, the more RAM the computer needs.
 RAM consists of locations or cells. Each cell has a unique address which
distinguishes it from other cells.

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 Read Only Memory

 ROM is a form of data storage in computers and other electronic devices that
can not be easily altered or reprogrammed.
 ROM in non-volatile and the contents are retained even after the power is
switched off.
 Programmed at manufacturing time.

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 Secondary Storage Hardware

 Stores data permanently therefore nothing is lost after the power is turned off.
 Use special ports or drives through which they are attached to the system unit.
 Examples
 Hard Disk
 Floppy Disk
 CDs and DVDs
 USB

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 Hard Disk

 Located outside the CPU, but inside the system unit.

 Present inside a unit called a hard drive or hard disk drive
 The hard disk is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer
 It permanently stores data that is not lost when the power is switched off.

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 Input Hardware

 Translate data and instructions from a form that humans understand to one that
the computer understands
 Examples:

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 Output Devices

 Translate data from the computers to a form that the human understands.
 Examples:

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ITC By Amna Zaib- Fall 2019