C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Chapter 2: Getting Started

Outline
A Simple C Program
Run Program hello.c in ChIDE
Startup in Ch
Compile and Link Program hello.c in Windows and Unix
in a Command shell
Compile and Link Program hello.c Using ChIDE
Command chmod in Unix
Commonly Used Commands
A Practical Engineering Problem of Solving Acceleration
Setup Command Search Paths
Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

A Simple C Program

/* File: hello.c
Print ‘Hello, world’ on the screen */
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf(“Hello, world\n");
return 0;
}

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

• Comments
– Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer
– Used to describe program

• #include <stdio.h>
– Preprocession directive - tells computer to load
contents of a header file
– <stdio.h> allows standard input/output operations

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

• int main()
– C programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which
must be main
– Parenthesis used to indicate a function
– int means that main "returns" an integer value
– Braces indicate a block
• The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces

• printf( “hello, world\n" );

– Instructs computer to perform an action
• Specifically, prints string of characters within quotes
– Entire line called a statement
• All statements must end with a semicolon
– \ - escape character
• Indicates that printf should do something out of the ordinary
• \n is the newline character

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

• return 0;
– A way to exit a function
– return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated normally
– The returned value of 0 is displayed in the exit status in ChIDE

• Right brace }
– Indicates end of main has been reached

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Executing Program hello.c Using Ch in ChIDE

Click “Run” or “Start” to execute the program

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Startup a Ch Shell
Startup in Unix
If Ch is the login shell, you can readily use the Ch language
environment. If not, you can type command ch at a terminal
prompt to launch the Ch language environment.

Startup in Windows
There are five ways to get into the Ch language environment. For
example, to start Ch Standard Edition 6.1
– Click the icon Ch Standard on the Desktop screen
– Click Start->Programs->SoftIntegration Ch 6.1 Standard->Ch 6.1.
– Click Start, followed by Run, then type ch.exe.
– Go to the MS-DOS prompt, and type ch.
– In ChIDE, click Ch

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Run Program hello.c

• Run program hello.c using Visual C++ in Windows
> cl hello.c
/* ... create hello.exe */
> hello.exe
Hello, world
• Run program hello.c using gcc in Unix/Linux/Mac OS X
> cc hello.c
Or
> gcc hell.c
/* ... create a.out */
> a.out
Hello, world
• Run program hello.c in Ch.
> hello.c
Hello, world

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Interactive Command Mode

Accept the input values and print out the results directly or use the
function printf() in C.

C:/Ch> 1+2*3
7
C:/Ch> sin(0.5)
0.4794
C:/Ch> printf("hello, world")
hello, world
C:/Ch>

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Commonly Used Commands

Ch supports most Unix and Windows commands

Command Usage Description

cd cd Change to the home directory
cd dir Change to the directory dir
cp cp file1 file2 Copy file1 to file2
ls ls List contents in the working directory
mkdir mkdir dir Create a new directory dir
pwd pwd Print (display) the name of the working directory
rm rm file remove file
chmod chmod +x file Change the mode of file to make it executable
chide chide file.c Edit and execute program file.c
vi vi file Edit file

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

• Examples of Commands

C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator> mkdir eme5

C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator> cd eme5
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5> pwd
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5> cp C:/Ch/demos/bin/hello.c hello.c
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5> ls
hello.c
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5> chide hello.c

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

• Files in Ch

C:/Ch> pwd
C:/Ch
C:/Ch> ls
bin/ demos/ docs/ include/ license/ README.TXT sbin/
config/ dl/ extern/ lib/ package/ release/ toolkit/
C:/Ch> cd docs
C:/Ch/docs>
C:/Ch/docs> ls
README.TXT chguide.pdf chinstall.pdf chref.pdf man/

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

A Sample Problem:
The system in Figure1 (a) consists of a single body with mass m moving on a
horizontal surface. An external force p acts on the body. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between body and horizontal surface is  . The freebody diagram
for the system is shown in Figure1 (b).

Figure1: The system diagram and FBD of a sample problem

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

The nomenclature related to the modeling of the system is listed below.

m -- mass of the body
x -- position of the body
v -- velocity of the body
a -- acceleration of the body
g -- gravitational acceleration
 -- friction coefficient
f -- friction force
N -- normal force
p -- applied external force

Equation of motion:
The equation of the motion of the system can be derived based on the Newton's
second law.
N = mg (1)
f =N (2)
p-f = ma (3)

From equation (1), (2) and (3), the formula for calculating the acceleration
of the rigid body can be derived as follows.
a = (p- mg)/m (4)

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Problem Statement:

For the system shown in Figure1(a), given m = 5 kg, g = 9.81 m/s2,  = 0.2.
The external force p is expressed as a function of time t,
p(t) = 20 when t >= 0
calculate the acceleration a when t = 2 seconds.

Solutions.
1. Interactive solution.
2. Write a simple C program to print out the value of acceleration
directly.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Interactive Solution

> (20-0.2*5*9.81)/5
2.0380
>

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Program 1: A simple C program.

/* File: accel.c */
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Acceleration a = %f (m/s^2)\n", (20-0.2*5*9.81)/5);
return 0;
}

Output:

Acceleration a = 2.038000 (m/s^2)

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

• Finding Commands in Ch Shell

– The system variable _path of string type contains the directories
to be searched for the command.
– When a command shell is launched, the system variable _path
contains some default search paths.
– The user can add new directories to the search paths for the
command shell by the following statements.

Create an individual startup file .chrc in Unix and _chrc in

Windows

in your home directory by typing the command

> ch –d
in a Ch command shell.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Run programs without typing the

complete directory
Windows:
adding the following statement in the startup file _chrc in the user’s home directory can
add C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5 directory to the command search paths.

_path = stradd(_path, “C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5;”);

Unix, Linux, and Mac machines:

adding following two statements in the startup file .chrc in the
user’s home directory can add /home/harry/eme5 directory and
the current working directory to the command search paths.
_path = stradd(_path, “/home/harry/eme5;”);

Add an alias
alias(“go”, “cd C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/eme5”); // for Windows

alias(“go”, “cd /home/harry/eme5”); // for Unix

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Open startup file _chrc in Windows or
.chrc for Unix for editing through ChTE

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Ch Scripts
The function main() is optional for a Ch script program. Like a command file,
a script file shall have both read and execute permissions.

/* File: welcome.ch */
printf(“Welcome to Ch\n”);

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.