31.08.

2018
 ing& ed
Things-Events People
amazing amazed
interesting interested
shocking shocked
fascinating fascinated
confusing confused
exciting excited
depressing depressed
boring bored
tiring tired
 ing& ed

His job is really tiring. He is very tired after work

The holiday was amazing. We were amazed
Some questions are confusing. The students are confused.
The film we watched was really boring. We were bored.
We saw some fascinating landscapes there. We were fascinated.
The first day of school is exciting. Students are very excited.
 infinitive& gerunds
INFINITIVE (to) GERUND (ing)
agree appear ask beg admit enjoy regret advise
care claim consent decide finish remember anticipate give up
demand deserve expect fail resent appreciate keep resist
forget hesitate hope learn avoid mention risk complete
manage mean seem need mind stop consider miss
plan prepare pretend promise suggest delay postpone tolerate
refuse regret remember seem deny practise understand discuss
threaten wish want wait quit dislike recommend hate
afford attempt determine seek involve forgive like can’t help
He agreed to work with us
He admitted stealing the money in the safe
I forgot to bring my laptop to the office
My father avoids eating fatty food
Why did she refuse to come to the party?
The teacher suggested buying that dictionary
Trump threatens to pull US out of WTO
She denied lying in the court.
I promised to help him
I don’t like feeding pets at home.
We decided to get married soon.
We are considering going to Italy next year
I need to learn French here.
I gave up smoking 5 years ago
 infinitive& gerunds
infinitive gerund
We stopped to drink tea Stop We stopped drinking tea at breakfast

I regret to tell you that you failed in the exam Regret I regret breaking her heart for no reason
Forget
I forgot to pay the bill I forgot paying the bill
Remember
I remember to set my alarm every night Try I remember setting my alarm last night
mean
I am trying to sleep He doesn’t hear the bell. Try calling him

I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. I have a flat tyre. This means going to
work on foot.
 Verb + Object Pronoun + Infinite
me to +V(1)
persuade command order you
cause enable force him
remind tell warn her
encourage oblige convince it
allow want ask them
us

I persuaded him to join the contest

The earthquake caused people to lose their houses and fields
He reminded me to pay the electricity bill
I encourage the students to learn English very well
We allowed them to play football in the garden.
The manager forced her to resign from her job.
Technology enables us to do our business easier
 How
What
Main Clause Where
to Verb (1)
When

I don’t know how to start this business.

She didn’t know what to do when she quit her job.
We haven’t decided where to go this weekend
The teacher didn’t explain when to make an exam
 BE +ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + V(ing)
afraid of angry at accustomed to beneficial to careful with conscious of
annoyed with aware of bored with crazy about curious about derived from
capable of committed to concerned about disappointed with eager for experienced in
connected to content with dedicated to faithful to fed up with free of
done with envious of excited about furnished with full of good at
exposed to familiar with related to
grateful to/for identical to impressed with
filled with fond of responsible for
indifferent to kind to keen on
grateful for satisfied with scared of
notorious for opposed to pleased with
tired of involved in relevant to
punished for puzzled by qualified for
interested in jealous of upset with
guilty of known for worried about ready for respectful to sensitive to
prepared for limited to patient with serious about sick of similar to
remembered for finished with proud of shocked by suitable for sorry for
busy with accused of addicted to sure of suspicious of sympathetic with
appreciated for associated with anxious about troubled with wrong with superior to
ashamed of attached to based on
 BE +ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + V(ing)
I am afraid of loneliness – I am afraid of being alone
He is addicted to games. He is addicted to playing games.
We are accustomed to living in the city
She is aware of everything happening around her.
I am bored with so many chores
We are concerned about his education life.
She is very jealous of me
My mother is fond of flowers
I am busy with my Project
We are proud of you
My daughter is curious about astronomy
Isparta is famous for its roses and carpets
My sister is very good at solving maths problems.
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
Subject Position
who-which-that

The man lives next to me. He works at a bank

The man who works at a bank lives next to me

The bird has died. It made a nest on our roof

The bird which made a nest on our roof has died.

The woman is a teacher. She helped me with the homework

The woman who / that helped me with the homework is a teacher.

A butcher is someone who cuts and sells meat

 RELATIVE CLAUSES
Object Position
who-which-that

The man is a doctor. We saw him in the zoo.

The man who(m) we saw in the zoo is a doctor.

I liked the meal. My mother prepared it for us.

I liked the meal which my mother prepared for us.

Everybody likes my Tablet PC. I bought it from Germany.

Everybody likes my Tablet PC which / that I bought from Germany
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
whose

The man went to the police station. His car was stolen
The man whose car was stolen went to the police station

Susan works in a factory. Her daughter studies at METU.

Susan whose daughter studies at METU works in a factory.

Turkey is a nice country. Its most regions attact tourists.

Turkey whose most regions attract tourists is a nice country.
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
in which- where

The school is a place. Students learn a lot of things about life there.
The school is a place where students learn a lot of things about life.

Antalya is a great city. Lots of tourists enjoy their holiday in that city.
Antalya is a great city where lots of tourists enjoy their holiday.

That is the restaurant. I met my wife there.

That is the restaurant in which I met my wife.
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
when

23rd of November is the day. I was born on that day.

23rd of November is the day when I was born.

1453 is the year. Istanbul was conquered in that year.

1453 is the year when Istanbul was conquered.

June is the month. We pick cherries in that month.

June is the month when we pick cherries.
 RELATIVE CLAUSES with prepositions
Listen to – stare at – work on- look for – apply for

The ring is very expensive. We are looking for it in the goldsmiths.

The ring for which we are looking is very expensive.

The song belongs to Teoman. I am listening to it now.

The song to which I am listening belongs to Teoman

The job is well-paid. He applied for it.

The job for which he applied is well-paid.
 Non-Defining RELATIVE CLAUSES

The boss lives in Madrid. He is a rude man

The boss ,who lives in Madrid, is a rude man.

Kate is a patient woman. She is a teacher.

Kate , who is a teacher, is a patient woman

Ankara has a crowded population. It is the capital city of Turkey.

Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey, has a crowded population.
 Reduction of Adverbial Clauses
Present Participle

The woman who shouted at me in the cinema is a doctor at a private

hospital.
The woman shouting at me in the cinema is a doctor at a private hospital.

The bird which sings on the tree is a nightingale.

The bird singing on the tree is a nightingale.
 Reduction of Adverbial Clauses
Past Participle

When I saw Jack washing his car, I stopped and helped him.
Seeing Jack washing his car, I stopped and helped him.

When they searched the house, they found a number of historical artifacts
Searching the house, they found a number of historical artifacts.
 Reduction of Adverbial Clauses
On - upon – while – since
When she heard the bad news, she had a nervous breakdown
On hearing the bad news, she had a nervous breakdown.

When I saw him, I hid behind a tree.

Upon seeing him, I hid behind a tree.

While I was looking for my watch, I found one of my childhood photos

While looking for my watch, I found one of my childhood photos.

Since Jim is ill, he won’t come to school today.

Being ill, Jim won’t come to school today.

Since Jane didn’t know where to go, she called the police
Not knowing where to go, she called the police.
 Reduction of Adverbial Clauses
Past Participle for Passive Voice Clauses

The man who was killed during the war was buried in his homeland.
The man killed during the war was buried in his homeland.

The language which is spoken in Brazil is Portuguese.

The language spoken in Brazil is Portuguese.

When I was asked whether I would accept the job offer, I told I would refuse it
When asked whether I would accept the job offer, I told I would refuse it
Asked whether I would accept the job offer, I told I would refuse it

After he was beaten by his father, he left home

Beaten by his father, he left home.
 Reduction of Adverbial Clauses
Perfect Participle

After he had graduated from university, he started working as an engineer.

Having graduated from university, he started working as an engineer.

Since Jim has just eaten lunch, he won’t come to the restaurant with us
Having just eaten lunch, Jim won’t come to the restaurant with us.

After the books had been published, they were delivered to the schools.
Having been published, the books were delivered to the schools.
 PASSIVE VOICE Extended
Simple Present Tense:
Active: S + V(es)+ Object
Passive: Object + am/is/are +V(3)
A: She cleans the house every day
P: The house is cleaned every morning
Present Continuous Tense:
Active: S + am/ is / are + V(ing)+Object
Passive: Object+ am/is/are + being + V(3)
A: They are cleaning the dishes now.
P:The dishes are being washed now
Simple Past Tense:
Active: S +V(2)+Object
Passive: Object + was / were + V(3)
A: They destroyed the house with a dynamite.
P:The house was destroyed with a dynamite
 PASSIVE VOICE Extended
Past Continuous Tense:
Active: Subject + was/were + V(ing)+ Object
Passive: Object +was/were +being + V(3)
A: She was sweeping the floor
P: The floor was being swept
Present Perfect Tense:
Active: S + have / has + V(3) + Object
Passive: Object + have /has + been + V(3)
A: they have cancelled the flights to New York
P:The flights to New York have been cancelled.
Going to- Future Tense:
Active: S + am/is/are + going to + V(1)+Object
Passive: Object+am/is/are + going to +be +V(3)
A: They are going to wash the cars
P:The cars are going to be washed.
 PASSIVE VOICE Extended

Past Perfect Tense:

Active: S + had + V(3) + Object
Passive : Object + had + been + V(3)
A: People had deserted this area in the 18th century.
P: This area had been deserted in the 18th century.
Future Perfect Tense:
Active: S + have / has + V(3) + Object
Passive: Object + have /has + been + V(3)
A: They will have built the school by summer
P:The school will have been built by summer.
 PASSIVE VOICE with Present MODALS
You can see the sunset from the top of this hill
can
The sunset can be seen from the top of this hill.

You must memorize plenty of words for a good English.

must
Plenty of words must be memorized for a good English.

You should keep the house clean

should
The house should be kept clean

They could hold a contest by June

could
A contest could be held by June
They may misunderstand you
may
You may be misunderstood
 PASSIVE VOICE with Present MODALS
They will build a hospital near the museum
will
A hospital will be built near the museum

They have to take him to the hospital

have to
He has to be taken to the hospital

People would keep the food in the caves.

would
The food would be kept in the caves
 PASSIVE VOICE with Perfect MODALS
A: The thieves may have stolen the antique vase
P: The antique vase may have been stolen

A: You should have called him before the meeting

P: He should have been called before the meeting

A: Jack must have sold his car.

P: Jack’s car must have been sold.

A: You could have put the cake in the fridge.

P: The cake could have been put in the fridge
 PASSIVE VOICE with some verbs
believe-think-find-know-report-say

People believe that this house is haunted People know that Julie is Paul’s sister
It is believed that this house is haunted It is known Julie is Paul’s sister
This house is believed to be haunted. Julie is known to be Paul’s sister

They think that the woman is a murderer

People thought that they sold the summer house
It is thought that the woman is a murderer
It was thought that they sold the summer house
The woman is thought to be a murderer.
They were thought to have sold the summer house

People say that he was a kind man

They report that the treasure was stolen
It is said that he was a kind man
It is reported that the treasure was stolen
He is said to have been a kind man
The treasure is reported to have been stolen
 What – whether- that

What you say is true.

What she did to me offended me.
What is good for you may not be good for others.
I don’t care about what you think.

Whether the schools will be open tomorrow is not clear.

I don’t know whether the schools will be open tomorrow (or not)

That he knows English well doesn’t necessarily mean he can find a job.
That she is a doctor doesn’t mean she knows everything about illnesses.
No matter how/what/ who/where/when – however

No matter how hard she tried, she couldn’t get promoted in her job
No matter what you do to convince her, she won’t believe in you.
Whatever you do to convince her, she won’t believe in you.
No matter who you are or where you are, you must be honest.

However hungry i am , i can not finish this pizza.

However long it takes, I am going to complete this video.
 Questions in Subordinate Clauses

‘What do you think about Turkey?’

I wonder what you think about Turkey.

‘Who are you?’

I don’t know who you are

‘What did you say?’

I didn’t hear what you said

‘Where does she live?’

Do you know where she lives?
Future Continuous / Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense = will be + V(ing)

I will be flying to New York this time tomorrow.

We will be playing tennis this time Saturday.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense = will have been + V(ing)

I will have been living in Bandırma for 6 years by 2019.

I will have been working here for 5 years next year.
Present Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense = have been + V(ing)

It has been raining for 3 hours

I have been driving for about 5 hours.

Past Perfect Continous Tense = had been + V(ing)

He had been living in İzmir for 30 years when he died.

We had been waiting at the airport for 2 hours when the plane arrived.
 Be supposed to / be to

The president is (supposed) to make a speech in the town square at 5 p.m.

You are supposed to hand in your project before July.
The students are to sit at their desks and keep quiet.
 Was-were to / was-were going to

He was to turn back to Russia after he finished college.

(we don’t know the result)
They were to complete the building by the end of 2017.

He was going to turn back to Russia but the war broke out and he couldn’t.
I was going to sell my car but I changed my mind.
 Be about to / be bound to

The plane is about to take off

I am about to leave the house
We are about to finish the test

Paul is bound to be an artist. He can draw pictures very well.

He is bound to win the game. He is playing much better than his friend.
 Let / allow / be allowed to

My father doesn’t let me go out at nights

My father doesn’t allow me to go out at nights
I am not allowed to go out at nights.
We are not allowed to play computer games in the computer lab.

Let me go
Let him sleep
 suggest / recommend / advice

The teacher suggested that we should study / study for the final exams
The teacher suggested studying for the final exams.

I recommend parents to follow their children’s actions

She recommended that restaurant to me
Our teacher recommended that we should read 2 books on holiday.

He advised me to read that book

He advised that I should read that book
 Subjuntive Mood
demand ask beg vital important crucial necessary
request urge desire imperative essential mandatory significant
recommend advise insist
urgent possible
require order suggest

I demanded that he (should) revise It was essential that the house be

exam papers
He insisted that his son be a lawyer.
She suggested that we take additional
course
They ordered that we be at the hall by 3
p.m.
evacuated.
It is important that you be on time.
It is vital that nobody know this secret
It is obligatory that each man join the
army in Turkey.
 Causatives
HAVE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING HAVE SOMETHING DONE

I have the doctors check my health every year I had the roof repaired last week
I had the gardener water the trees I had my hair cut yesterday

I have had the electrician repair our electricity We had our garden ploughed

GET SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING GET SOMETHING DONE

I sometimes get my brother to do my homework I got the walls painted
He got me to work all day in the garden He got his suits dry-cleaned
I got the barber to cut my hair I got my car washed yesterday
 Causatives
MAKE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING
The manager made me clean all the stairs
Nobody can make him work if he doesn’t want
I know how to make him do his work

SUBJECT + TO BE + MADE TO +V(1)

I was made to clean all the house
The prisoners were made to drink filthy water

The students were made to watch improper films

 INVERTED SENTENCES
In front of the castle stands a big obelisk.
Rarely does Sam speak to his teachers
Never have I seen such a beautiful view.
At no time did the prisoner feel remorse for committing a
crime
At the top of the citadel stands a big rock
Not only is she a great singer but also a mathetician
Not until she took up rock climbing did she overcome her
fear of height.
Under no circumstances will people be allowed to enter the
mine without helmet.
Little does she know about her boyfriend
 INVERTED SENTENCES

Hardly / Scarcely had he walked outside when it started to

rain.
No sooner had he come home than his daughter began to cry
(After he had come home , his daughter began to cry)
Only after he arrived at the airport did he have lunch

Only if you look at them through special microscope can you

see bacteria.
INVERSION in Conditional Clauses
If you need any help, please call me
 Should you need any help, please call me

If I were in your shoes, I would write a petition for my

complaint.
 Were I in your shoes, I would write a petition for my
complaint.

If we had invited them earlier, they wouldn’t have taken

offence at us.
 Had we invited them earlier, they wouldn’t have taken
offence at us.
 INVERSION
So That , Such That
Here, There, Up, Out
I was so tired that I directly went to bed 
So tired was I that I directly went to bed.
Here comes the bus
There lived a man who had three children.
The wind was such that we couldn't open the window. 
Such was the wind that we couldn’t open the window. There goes the balloon.
Here you are
As Up went the balloon.
He wanted to leave the meeting early, as did all the Out went the guests
participants.