Prostate Carcinoma

A. Epidemiology
• Prostate carcinoma is the most common
malignancy of the male urogenital system.
• This tumor attacks patients aged over 50 years
• 30% attacking men aged 70-80 years
• 75% at the age of more than 80 years.
• This cancer rarely attacks men aged before 45
years.
B. Etiology
1. Genetic Predispotition
2. Hormonal
3. Diet
4. Environment
5. Infection
D. Patology
• The histopathological type of prostate carcinoma is largely
adenocarcinoma.
• 75% are in the peripheral zone of the prostate
• 15 - 20% in the central zone and the transitional zone.

• Spread
• Lymphogenous spread through the lymph glands in the
pelvic region to the retroperitoneal lymph glands
• Hematogenous spread through the vertebral veins to the
pelvic bones, the proximal femur, the lumbar vertebrae,
costal, lung, liver, and brain.
E. Diagnose
• Clinical Overview
• In early-stage prostate cancer, often do not show symptoms or clinical signs.
• These signs usually appear after the cancer is at a more advanced stage.
• More than 10% of patients who come to see a doctor complain of urinary
tract disorders in the form of urinary difficulties, urinary pain, or hematuria
which indicate that the cancer has pressed the urethra.
• Although rare, cancer can compress the rectum and cause bowel
complaints.
• Prostate cancer that has held metastases to the bone gives symptoms of
bone pain, fractures at the site of metastases, or neurological abnormalities
if metastases on the vertebrae.
• Physical examination
• Early-stage prostate cancer is usually found during digital
rectal examination in the form of hard nodules on the
prostate.
• Tumor markers
• (1) PAP (Prostatic Acid Phosphatase) is produced by
prostatic prosthetic cells and is secreted into prostatic
ductuli
• (2) PSA (Prostate Specific Antigens), a glycoprotein
produced by cytoplasm of prostate cells, and plays a role
in carrying out liquid liquefaction of semen.
F. Stadium
G. Therapy