CHAPTER

3:
Basic
Concept of
Hazards
 HAZARDS AND HARARD
TYPES
• HAZARD
Hazards are the potentials for
damage to man and his
environmentthat may result
from the occurrence of natural
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HAZARD
• NATURAL HAZARD
The result from earth’s natural
process

• SECONDARY HAZARD
 Types of Hazard
• GEOLOGICAL HAZARD
These are large-scale
complex natural events that
happen on land.

• Earthquake
• Volcanic eruption
• HYDROLOGICAL HAZARD
These hazards are characterized
by a severe excess or lack of
water.

• Floods
• Wave action
• Drought
• Rapid glacier advance
• ATMOSPHERIC HAZARD
 include things such as oxygen deficiencies, 
dusts, chemical vapors, welding fumes, fogs, 
and mists that can interfere with the bodies 
ability to transport and utilize oxygen, or that 
have negative toxicological effects on the 
human body.
• Hurricane • Tornadoes
• Thunderstorm • Heavy snowfalls
• BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
is a biological substance that poses
a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily humans.

• Epidemic in humans
• Epidemic in plants and animals
• locusts
• MAN-MADE HAZARD
events that are caused by humans
and occur in or close to human
settlements.

• Transport accidents
• Industrial explosion and fires
• Nuclear accident
• Collapse of public building
 Characteristics of
Hazard
Natural hazard events can be
characterized by their magnitude
or intensity, speed of onset,
duration, and the area they cover.
Magnitude and Intensity measure
different characteristics of
earthquakes. Magnitude measures
the energy released at the source of
the earthquake. Intensity measures
the strength of shaking produced by
the earthquake at a certain location.
Speed of onset is how quickly
the peak of the hazard event
occurs, with the starting time
at the first point of the
process towards it becoming
a hazard.
The impact of hazards
varies on its duration. The
assessment of duration is
either short or long.
The frequency of a natural
hazard event is the number
of times it occurs within a
specified time interval.