Let’s have a review!

What methods are

you using in presenting
data?
TEXTUAL OR NARRATIVE
one describes the data by
enumerating some of the
highlights of the data set like
giving the highest, lowest or the
average values
 example
The country’s poverty incidence among families as
reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA),
the agency mandated to release official poverty
statistics, decreases from 21% in 2006 down to 19.7%
in 2012. For 2012, the regional estimates released by
PSA indicate that the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) is the poorest region with poverty
incidence among families estimated at 48.7%. The
region with the smallest estimated poverty incidence
among families at 2.6% is the National Capital Region
(NCR).
TABULAR
Data could also be summarized or
presented using tables. The tabular
method of presentation is
applicable for large data sets.
Trends could easily be seen in this
kind of presentation.
The following are the common parts of a
statistical table:
a. Table title includes the number and a short
description of what is found inside the table.
b. Column header provides the label of what is
being presented in a column.
c. Row header provides the label of what is
being presented in a row. d. Body are the
information in the cell intersecting the row
and the column.
d. Body are the information in the cell
intersecting the row and the column.
Example
Graphical presentation
is a visual presentation of the data.
Graphs are commonly used in oral
presentation. There are several
forms of graphs to use like the pie
chart, pictograph, bar graph, line
graph, histogram and box-plot.
Which form to use depends on what
information is to be relayed
Example
 The Frequency
Distribution Table and
Histogram
The Frequency Distribution Table
and Histogram
A special type of tabular and
graphical presentation is the
frequency distribution table (FDT)
and its corresponding histogram.
Specifically, these are used to
depict the distribution of the data
Steps in the construction of a grouped FDT
1. Identify the largest data value or the
maximum (MAX) and smallest data
value or the minimum (MIN) from the
data set and compute the range, R.
The range is the difference between
the largest and smallest value, i.e. R =
MAX – MIN.
2. Determine the number of classes, k
using k= N , where N is the total
number of observations in the data
set. Round-off k to the nearest whole
number.
3. Calculate the class size, c, using c =
R/k. Round off c to the nearest value
with precision the same as that with
the raw data.
4. Construct the classes or the class intervals. A class
interval is defined by a lower limit (LL) and an upper limit
(UL). The LL of the lowest class is usually the MIN of the
data set. The LL’s of the succeeding classes are then
obtained by adding c to the LL of the preceding classes.
The UL of the lowest class is obtained by subtracting one
unit of measure, from the LL of the next class. The UL’s of
the succeeding classes are then obtained by adding c to
the UL of the preceding classes. The lowest class should
contain the MIN, while the highest class should contain
the MAX.
Tally the data into the classes
constructed in Step 4 to obtain
the frequency of each class.
Each observation must fall in
one and only one class.
6. Add (if needed) the following
distributional characteristics
a. True Class Boundaries (TCB). The TCBs reflect
the continuous property of a continuous data. It is
defined by a lower TCB (LTCB) and an upper TCB
(UTCB). These are obtained by taking the
midpoints of the gaps between classes or by using
the following formulas: LTCB = LL – 0.5(one unit of
measure) and UTCB = UL + 0.5(one unit of
measure).
b. Class Mark (CM). The CM is the midpoint
of a class and is obtained by taking the
average of the lower and upper TCB’s, i.e. CM
= (LTCB + UTCB)/2.

c. Relative Frequency (RF). The RF refers to

the frequency of the class as a fraction of the
total frequency, i.e. RF = frequency/N. RF can
be computed for both qualitative and
quantitative data. RF can also be expressed in
percent.
Cumulative Frequency (CF). The CF refers to the
total number of observations greater than or
equal to the LL of the class (>CF) or the total
number of observations less than or equal to the
UL of the class (<CF).

e. Relative Cumulative Frequency (RCF). RCF

refers to the fraction of the total number of
observations greater than or equal to the LL of
the class (>RCF) or the fraction of the total
number of observations less than or equal to the
UL of the class (<RCF). Both the <RCF and >RCF
can also be expressed in percent.
The histogram is a graphical
presentation of the frequency
distribution table in the form of a
vertical bar graph. There are several
forms of the histogram and the
most common form has the
frequency on its vertical axis while
the true class boundaries in the
horizontal axis.
ASSESSMENT