Wireless Networks

IEEE 802.11
Principal Applications
IEEE 802.11
 802.11a 5GHz, 54Mbps
 802.11b 2.4GHz, 11Mbps
 802.11c Protocol for bridges
 802.11d World Mode (Europa 20 dB, EUA-BR 36dB
 802.11e QOS
 802.11f Inter-Access Point Protocol
 802.11g 2.4GHz, 54Mbps, modulated digital OFDM
 802.11h Dynamic frequency selection
 802.11i Authentication and Security
 802.11n
Access Point

 Short for Access Point, a hardware device or

a computer's software that acts as a
communication hub for users of a wireless
device to connect to a wired LAN.

 APs are important for providing heightened

wireless security and for extending the
physical range of service a wireless user has
access to.
Infrastructure Mode
 An 802.11 networking framework in which devices
communicate with each other by first going through
an Access Point (AP).

 In infrastructure mode, wireless devices can

communicate with each other or can communicate
with a wired network.

 When one AP is connected to wired network, a set

of wireless stations it is referred to as a Basic
Service Set (BSS).
Infrastructure Mode

 An Extended Service Set (ESS) is a set of

two or more BSSs that form a single
subnetwork.

 Most corporate wireless LANs operate in

infrastructure mode because they require
access to the wired LAN in order to use
services such as file servers or printers.
Ad-hoc Mode
 An 802.11 networking framework in which devices
or stations communicate directly with each other,
without the use of an access point (AP).

 Ad-hoc mode is also referred to as peer-to-peer

mode or an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).

 Ad-hoc mode is useful for establishing a network

where wireless infrastructure does not exist or
where services are not required.
802.11

 802.11 refers to a family of specifications

developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN
technology.

 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface

between a wireless client and a base station
or between two wireless clients.

 The IEEE accepted the specification in 1997.

Specifications in the 802.11
family –
802.11
 e 802.11a
802.11 -- applies to wireless LANs and provides 1
or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using
either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).

 802.11a -- an extension to 802.11 that applies to

wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the
5GHz band. 802.11a uses an
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding
scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.
802.11b

 802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High

Rate or Wi-Fi) -- an extension to 802.11 that
applies to wireless LANS and provides 11
Mbps transmission (with 2 and 1 Mbps)
in the 2.4 GHz band.
802.11b

 802.11b uses only DSSS.

 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original

802.11 standard, allowing wireless
functionality comparable to Ethernet.
802.11b (Wi-Fi)

 Data Rate: Up to 11Mbps in the 2.4GHz band

 Modulation scheme: DSSS with CCK

 Security: WEP & WPA

 Products that adhere to this standard are

considered "Wi-Fi Certified." Not interoperable
with 802.11a. Requires fewer access points than
802.11a for coverage of large areas.
802.11b (Wi-Fi)

 Offers high-speed access to data at up to 300

feet from base station.

 14 channels available in the 2.4GHz band (only

11 of which can be used in the U.S. due to FCC
regulations) with only three non-overlapping
channels.
 802.11a X
802.11b
802.11a X 802.11b 802.11a 802.11b

54 Mbps 11 Mbps
Velocidade máxima (54, 48, 36, 24,18, 12, (11, 5.5, 2,
(Taxa de Dados) 6 Mbps) 1 Mbps)

Real: 5.2Mbps
Real: 28 Mbps

Área 50 Metros 100 Metros

ISM (5 GHz) ISM (2.4 GHz)

Banda de Frequência

Modulação Tecnologia OFDM Tecnologia DSSS

Segurança em redes sem
Fio
IEEE 802.11g

 Data Rate: Up to 54Mbps in the 2.4GHz band

 Modulation Scheme:
OFDM above 20Mbps,
DSSS with CCK below 20Mbps

 Security: WEP & WPA & WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)

IEEE 802.11g

 Pros/Cons & More Info:

 Products that adhere to this standard are considered
"Wi-Fi Certified."
 May replace 802.11b.
 Improved security enhancements over 802.11.
Compatible with 802.11b.
 14 channels available in the 2.4GHz band (only 11 of
which can be used in the U.S. due to FCC regulations)
with only three non-overlapping channels.
Bluetooth

 Up to 2Mbps in the 2.45GHz band.

 FHSS.
 PPTP, SSL or VPN.
 No native support for IP, so it does not
support TCP/IP and wireless LAN
applications well.
 Not originally created to support wireless
LANs. Best suited for connecting PDAs, cell
phones and PCs in short intervals.
A Pilha de Protocolos 802.11

Camadas Superiores

Subcamada LLC
Camada
de Enlace

Subcamada MAC

IEEE 802 IEE

802.11 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g Camada
Infra-
FHSS DSSS OFDM HR-DSSS OFDM Física
vermelho
MAC - CSMA/CA

 Short for Carrier Sense Multiple

Access/Collision Avoidance, a network
contention protocol that listens to a network
in order to avoid collisions.

 Unlike CSMA/CD that deals with network

transmissions once collisions have been
detected.
MAC - CSMA/CA

 CSMA/CA contributes to network traffic

because, before any real data is transmitted,
it has to broadcast a signal onto the network
in order to listen for collision scenarios and to
tell other devices not to broadcast.
Camada Física - OFDM

 Short for Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing, an FDM modulation technique
for transmitting large amounts of digital data
over a radio wave.
OFDM

 OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into

multiple smaller sub-signals that are then
transmitted simultaneously at different
frequencies to the receiver.
OFDM

 OFDM reduces the amount of crosstalk in

signal transmissions.

 802.11a WLAN, 802.16 and WiMAX

technologies use OFDM.
Camada Física - FHSS

 Acronym for Frequency-Hopping Spread

Spectrum. FHSS is one of two types of
spread spectrum radio, the other being
direct-sequence spread spectrum.
FHSS

 FHSS is a transmission technology used

in WLAN transmissions where the data
signal is modulated with a narrowband
carrier signal that "hops" in a random but
predictable sequence from frequency to
frequency as a function of time over a wide
band of frequencies.
Camada Física - FHSS
 The signal energy is spread in time domain rather
than chopping each bit into small pieces in the
frequency domain.

 This technique reduces interference because a

signal from a narrowband system will only affect the
spread spectrum signal if both are transmitting at
the same frequency at the same time.

 If synchronized properly, a single logical channel is

maintained.
Camada Física - FHSS

 The transmission frequencies are determined by

a spreading, or hopping, code.

 The receiver must be set to the same hopping

code and must listen to the incoming signal at
the right time and correct frequency in order to
properly receive the signal.
FHSS

 Current FCC regulations require

manufacturers to use 75 or more frequencies
per transmission channel with a maximum
dwell time (the time spent at a particular
frequency during any single hop) of 400 ms.
Camada Física - DSSS

 Acronym for Direct-Sequence Spread

Spectrum.

 DSSS is one of two types of spread spectrum

radio, the other being f
requency-Hopping spread spectrum.
DSSS

 DSSS is a transmission technology used

in WLAN transmissions where a data
signal at the sending station is combined
with a higher data rate bit sequence, or
chipping code, that divides the user data
according to a spreading ratio.
DSSS

 The chipping code is a redundant bit pattern for

each bit that is transmitted, which increases the
signal's resistance to interference.

 If one or more bits in the pattern are damaged

during transmission, the original data can be
recovered due to the redundancy of the
transmission.
CCK - Complementary Code
Keying

 Short for Complementary Code Keying, a

set of 64 eight-bit code words used to encode
data for 5.5 and 11Mbps data rates in the
2.4GHz band of 802.11b wireless networking.
CCK

 The code words have unique mathematical

properties that allow them to be correctly
distinguished from one another by a receiver
even in the presence of substantial noise and
interference.
CCK - Complementary Code
Keying
 CCK works only in conjunction with the
DSSS technology that is specified in the
original 802.11 standard.

 It does not work with FHSS.

CCK

 CCK applies sophisticated mathematical

formulas to the DSSS codes, permitting the
codes to represent a greater volume of
information per clock cycle.
CCK

 The transmitter can then send multiple bits of

information with each DSSS code, enough to
make possible the 11Mbps of data rather
than the 2Mbps in the original standard.
Wireless Products

IEEE 802.11
L-G700AP  >  High Speed
2.4GHz (802.11g) Wireless
Access Point
L-G700AP  >  High Speed
2.4GHz (802.11g) Wireless
Access
 Point
Product Features:

 Up to 54Mbps*

 WPA for Enhanced Wireless Security

 Quickly Add Wireless Access to Your Network

 Web-based Configuration and Management

Product Features:

 DWL-2100AP > High Speed 2.4GHz (802.11g)

Wireless 108Mbps Access Point

 Up to 108Mbps*
 WPA & 802.1x Authentication
 SNMP Management Software Included
 Also Work as Point-To-Point Bridge, Point-to-
Multipoint Bridge, Repeater, Wireless Client.
Wireless G USB Adapter
Wireless G USB Adapter

 Easily Connect to Your Wireless Network

from Your Desktop or Notebook PC

 Works with 802.11g and 802.11b Wireless

Networks

 Check E-mail, Surf the Web, and Chat with

Friends and Family Online
DWL-G122  >  High Speed 2.
4GHz (802.11g) Wireless US
B Adapter
DWL-G122  >  High Speed 2.
4GHz (802.11g) Wireless US
B Adapter
 Product Features:
 Up to 54Mbps*
 802.11g Standard, 802.11b Compatible
 Protect Your Network with WPA and 802.1x
Security
 Quick and Easy Setup
WIMAX

IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)

 Specifies WiMAX in the 10 to 66 GHz range.

 OFDM
 DES3 and AES
 Commonly referred to as WiMAX or less
commonly as WirelessMAN or the Air
Interface Standard,
 IEEE 802.16 is a specification for fixed
broadband wireless metropolitan access
networks (MANs).
IEEE 802.16a (Wi-MAX)

 Added support for the 2 to 11 GHz range.

 OFDM
 3-DES and AES
 Commonly referred to as WiMAX or less
commonly as WirelessMAN or the Air
Interface Standard,
 IEEE 802.16 is a specification for fixed
broadband wireless metropolitan access
networks (MANs).
Redes sem Fio de Banda
Larga
 Empresas de telefonia têm permissão para oferecer
serviços locais de voz e Internet de alta velocidade.

 Há uma grande demanda por estes serviços.

 Problema: estender par trançado categoria 5 ou

cabos coaxial ou de fibra até milhares de
residências é algo dispendioso.
Redes sem Fio de Banda
Larga
 O que fazer ?
Rede sem Fio de Banda Larga.

 Como fazer ?
Uma grande antena e antenas nos clientes é
mais fácil e econômico.
Redes sem Fio de Banda
Larga
 Empresas de telecomunicações:

Fornecer um serviço de comunicação sem fio

de vários megabits para voz, Internet e filmes
por demanda.

 LMDS foi feito para este fim.

Redes sem Fio de Banda
Larga
 Mas, cada concessionária elaborava seu próprio
sistema ...

 Faltava padrões ...

 Impossibilidade de produzir hardware e software em

massa.

 Preços elevados e aceitação baixa.

Redes sem Fio de Banda
Larga
 Um padrão de banda larga sem fio era o
elemento-chave que estava faltando.

 IEEE formou um comitê da indústria e

acadêmico para elaborar um padrão.

 IEEE 802.16 (julho de 1999)

Redes sem Fio de Banda
Larga
 Padrão IEEE 802.16 final: abril de 2002.

 “Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless

Access Systems”

(Interface Aérea para Sistemas Fixos de

Acesso sem Fio de Banda Larga)
Redes sem Fio de Banda
Larga
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) sem Fio
ou Loop Local sem Fio.

 Redes sem Fio de Banda Larga:

(Bolcskey et al., 2001)

(Webb, 2001)

 IEEE 802.16 (Eklund et al., 2002)

Comparando 802.11 com 802.16

 802.11 e 802.16 resolvem problemas diferentes.

 802.16 fornece serviço para edifícios e edifícios não são móveis.

Não migram de uma célula para outra.

 802.11 lida com mobilidade, enquanto 802.16, não.

 Edifícios podem ter muitos computadores. A estação final no

802.11 é um notebook.

 Para edifícios, sinal de rádio melhor é essencial.

802.16
 Assim, 802.16 deve usar comunicação full-duplex,
algo que o 802.11 evita para manter baixo o custo
do sinal de rádio (baixo, o custo dos rádios).

 802.16 se estende sobre parte de uma cidade.

Assim, as distâncias envolvidas podem ser de
quilômetros, o que significa que a potência
percebida numa estação-base pode variar de
estação para estação.
802.16

 Essa variação afeta a relação sinal/ruído,

que, por sua vez define vários esquemas de
modulação.

 A comunicação aberta sobre uma cidade

significa que a segurança e a privacidade
são essenciais e obrigatórias.
802.16

 Cada célula 802.16 deve ter muito mais

usuários que uma célula típica 802.11.

 Espera-se que usuários 802.16 utilizem

maior largura de banda que um usuário típico
802.11.
802.16
 Com o 802.16 é necessário mais espectro do que a
banda ISM no 802.11.
 802.16 opera na faixa de frequências de 10 a 66
GHz.
 802.16 funciona através de ondas milimétricas.
 Ondas milimétricas têm propriedades físicas
diferentes das ondas de rádio, mais longas das
bandas ISM.
802.16

 O 802.11 é omnidirecional.
 As ondas milimétricas do 802.16 podem ser
concentradas em feixes direcionais.
 Ondas milimétricas são absorvidas pela
intempérie (chuva, neve, granizo,
nevoeiro, ... ).
802.16
 QoS no 802.16: o padrão foi projetado para para
Internet, telefonia, televisão e uso pesado de
multimídia.

 O 802.11 foi projetado para ser equivalente à

Ethernet móvel.

 O 802.16 pode ser usado para dispositivos

móveis ?