UNIT-1

DATA NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS

• NETWORK-SET OF DEVICES CONNECTED BY

MEDIA LINKS
• COMPUTER NETWORK-INTERCONNECTED
COLLECTION OF AUTONOMOUS COMPUTERS
• DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM-SOFTWARE SYSTEM
BUILD ON TOP OF A NETWORK
NETWORK HIERARCHY
 APPLICATIONS
• MARKETING & SALES
• FINANCIAL SERVICES
• MANUFACTURING
• ELECTRONIC MESSAGING
• DIRECTORY SERVICES
• INFORMATION SERVICES
• ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
• TELECONFERENCING
• CELLULAR TELEPHONE
• CABLE TELEVISION
 NETWORK ATTRIBUTES
BROADCAST NETWORKS
POINT TO POINT NETWORKS

MUTIPOINT NETWORKS
MESH TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
TREE TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
CATEGORIES OF NETWORK
LAN
MAN
WAN
SWITCHING
• Series of interlinked
nodes-Switches.
• Switching, as applied to
networking and IT, is the
practice of directing a
signal or data element
toward a particular
hardware destination.
• Switching may be applied
in various formats and can
function in diverse ways
within a greater network
infrastructure.
CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK
• Circuit switching is a
method of implementing
a telecommunications
network in which
two network
nodes establish a
dedicated communicatio
ns channel (circuit)
through the network
before the nodes may
communicate.
CIRCUIT SWITCH
PACKET SWITCHING
• Packet switching is a method
of grouping data which is
transmitted over a digital
network into packets which are
made of a header and
a payload.
• Data in the header is used by
networking hardware to direct
the packet to its destination
where the payload is extracted
and used by application
software.
• Packet switching is the
primary basis for data
communications in computer
networks worldwide.
DATAGRAM APPOROACH
• Datagram packet-switching
is a packet switching
technology by which each
packet, now called a
datagram, is treated as a
separate entity.
• Each packet is routed
independently through the
network.
• Therefore packets contain a
header with the full
information about the
destination.
VIRTUAL CIRCUIT APPROACH
• Virtual circuit switching is
a packet switching
methodology whereby a
path is established between
the source and the final
destination through which
all the packets will be routed
during a call.
This path is called a virtual
circuit because to the user,
the connection appears to be
a dedicated physical circuit.
MESSAGE SWITCHING
• Message switching is a
network switching
technique in which data
is routed in its entirety
from the source node to
the destination node,
one hope at a time.
• It is known as store and
forward.
ISO LAYERS
ATTRIBUTES OF ISO LAYERS
 DATA LINK PROTOCOL
• Protocol-Set of rules or specifications.
• DLP are sets of specifications used to
implement data link layers.
• Types-Asynchronous protocols & Synchronous
Protocols.
• AP-Treats each character in a bit stream
independently.
• SP-Take the whole bit stream and divide it.
• SP types-Character oriented protocols & Bit
oriented protocols.
 Bit oriented protocols
• Types
1.SDLC-Synchronous Data Link Control
2.HDLC-High level Data Link Control
3.LAP-Link Access Procedure
4.LAN-Local Area Network
 High-Level Data Link Control
 HDLC was defined by ISO for use on both
point-to-point and multipoint data links.
 It supports half duplex and full-duplex
communication
 It is bit oriented data link protocol.
 HDLC
• Defines three types of stations
– Primary
– Secondary
– Combined
• Defines three types of data transfer mode
– Normal Response mode
– Asynchronous Response mode
– Asynchronous Balanced mode
• Three types of frames
– Unnumbered
– information
– Supervisory
 STATIONS
• The three stations are :
– Primary station
• Has the responsibility of controlling the operation of data flow .
• Handles error recovery
• Frames issued by the primary station are called commands.
– Secondary station,
• Operates under the control of the primary station.
• Frames issued by a secondary station are called responses.
• The primary station maintains a separate logical link with each
secondary station.
– Combined station,
• Acts as both as primary and secondary station.
 MODES
 The three modes of data transfer operations are
 Normal Response Mode (NRM)
 Secondary station can send ONLY when the primary station instruct it to
do so
 Two common configurations
- Point-to-Point link (one primary station and one secondary station)
- Multipoint link (the primary station maintain different sessions with
different secondary stations)
 Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)
 More independent secondary station
 Can send data or control information without explicit permission to do so
(note that it is still can not send commands)
 Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)
 Mainly used in point-to-point links, for communication between
combined stations
 Either stations can send data, control information and commands
 HDLC
• There are three different classes of frames used in
HDLC
– Unnumbered frames, used in link setup and
disconnection, and hence do not contain ACK.
– Information frames, which carry actual
information. Such frames can piggyback ACK in
case of ABM
– Supervisory frames, which are used for error and
flow control purposes and hence contain send and
receive sequence numbers

11/14/2019
FRAMES
 HDLC frame structure

(a) Frame
Format

(b) Control
field
format

11/14/2019
 MEDIS ACCESS CONTROL
• MAC stands for Media Access Control. A MAC
layer protocol is the protocol that controls access
to the physical transmission medium on a LAN.
• It tries to ensure that no two nodes are
interfering with each other’s transmissions, and
deals with the situation when they do.
• It contains synchronization, flag, flow and error
control specifications necessary to move
information from one place to another.
Layers
CSMA/CD
TOKEN PASSING & TOKEN RING
TOKEN RING-Frame Format