Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 3
UTILITIES IN CHEMICAL
PROCESS INDUSTRIES
UTILITIES IN CHEMICAL PROCESS IND.
What to cover today?
Types of
cooling
system
Open Closed non-
evaporative evaporative
recirculating recirculating
• Once through
- Cooling water passes through the
heat exchanger once.
• Atmospheric contaminants
• Foaming
• Chemicals
Corrosion
Concentrati
• The higher the salt, the higher the alkalinity of water
on factor
• high pH
pH
• longer circulating time: long half-lives gives longer time for the following
equilibrium to be achieved
Retention time
• Ca(HCO3)2 « CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Scale prevention
• Higher system purge at the expense of
higher water/chemical costs: can reduce
concentration factor (CF)
• Soften make up water: using ion
exchangers
• Acid treatment – to reduce pH
• Scale inhibitors – modify scale growth
* inorganic: polyphosphates
* organic: phosphorous compounds
STEAM GENERATION & • Steam generation systems are
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM divided into three subsystems
• produces high quality separately:
and dependable steam
for energy conservation,
energy transport, energy
generation, turbine • boiler feedwater treatment
drives, heating and plant
startup/shutdown.
• Boilers system
• Steam is the most critical • distribution system
utility in a process plant,
without it there would
be a complete shutdown
of equipment and
consequently the facility.
Boiler feedwater treatment
process
Compression
process
Refrigeration
Process
• low-pressure refrigerant gas is converted into high-pressure
refrigeration gas in compressor
Refrigeration • The HP gas is pushed into a shell and tube heat exchanger.
BATCH REACTOR
• a tremendous amount of heat is generated
Compression and must be removed by the exchanger.
BATCH REACTOR
• the gas condenses into liquid phase and is collected in a
receiver.
• From the receiver, the high-pressure liquid refrigerant is
pushed through a small opening in an expansion valve.
• As the liquid expands, it changes phase. The boiling point of
the refrigerant is so low that a cooling effect occurs in the
Cooling evaporator.
BATCH REACTOR
CHAPTER 3
UTILITIES IN CHEMICAL
PROCESS INDUSTRIES
UTILITIES IN CHEMICAL PROCESS IND.
What to cover today?
1) Compressor 1 – Steam
Turbine driven – low
capacity
2) Compressor 2 – Electric
Motor driven – low
capacity
3) Compressor 3 – Steam
Turbine driven – high
capacity
4) Compressor 4 – Electric
Motor driven – high
capacity
PLANT AIR SYSTEM / INSTRUMENT AIR SYSTEM
100 – 160
kV
ELECTRICITY
On site
Delivered
generation
• On-site generation is best for steady/predictable N2 demands.
• Delivered supply (liquid storage tank) provides sufficient hold
up to accommodate fluctuations.
Selecting N2 supply depends on: