A key to the interpretation of

the “Depositional Setting” of

sedimentary rocks
Struktur sedimen adalah kenampakan batuan
sedimen dalam dimensi yang lebih besar,
merupakan suatu kelainan dari perlapisan
normal batuan sedimen dan diakibatkan oleh
proses pengendapan dan keadaan energi
pembentuknya.

Pembentukannya dapat terjadi pada waktu

pengendapan maupun setelah proses
pengendapan. (Pettijohn & Potter, 1964;
Koesoemadinata, 1981)
1. struktur sedimen primer
2. struktur sedimen sekunder
1. Menentukan bagian atas (top) dan bawah
(bottom) suatu lapisan.
2. Menentukan arah arus purba (arah
sedimentasi).
3. Menentukan lingkungan penegndapan.
 Plane Bedding
 Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
 Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
 Currents
 Waves
 Graded & Imbricate Bedding
 Bedding Plane Structures

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Often “planar laminae” or “planar laminations”
 Separated by variations in color, composition,
grain size, and bedding plane surfaces parallel
to bedding.
 Products of product of sediment supply,
sediment composition, etc., and either:
 Deposition from high flow velocity, e.g.: swash zone
of a beach
 Settling from standing body of water with very low
flow velocity, etc. e.g.; lake var

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Note High Energy Planar Beds

Photo: G. Voulgaris

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary Structures

Lamar Limestone - Permian Basin W. Texas
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Plane Bedding
 Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
 Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
 Currents
 Waves
 Graded & Imbricate Bedding
 Bedding Plane Structures

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
Unidirectional Current Ripples

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Effect of slope of forset on downslope coarsening of grains

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
Internal character of ripples. Note dominance of forset over single bottom set
laminae and a stoss side laminae

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Migrating small straight crested ripples, flatter than asymmetric wave
ripples
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Migrating small
straight crested
ripples, flatter
than asymmetric
wave ripples

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 These migrating small flat straight
crested ripples, are probably current
ripples

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
Based on plan view shape, with increasing
complexity tied to shallower water & higher
velocities:-
 Straight
 Sinuous
 Catenary
 Linguoid
 Lunate

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Transition between low energy straight crested ripples, and higer energy
linguoid ripples
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Greater complexity reflects even higher energy ripples with strong
festooned shapes
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
These are higher energy ripples with strong festooned shapes

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Ordovician – Near Winchester
Kentucky

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Plane Bedding
 Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
 Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
 Currents
 Waves
 Graded & Imbricate Bedding
 Bedding Plane Structures

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Lenticular beds are small lenses of sand in a
predominant matrix of muddy beds
 Wavy beds are subequal mixtures of small
lenses of sand and muddy beds
 Flaser beds are predominantly stacks of small
lenses of sand in less than 50% muddy matrex

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Upper Mississippian – Pennington Formation
Pound Gap

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Plane Bedding
 Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
 Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
 Currents
 Waves
 Graded & Imbricate Bedding
 Bedding Plane Structures

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Wave Generated Ripples

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
Water movement during generation of wave ripples. Note that the orbital
movement of water is flattening close to sediment surface and well
developed symmetrical shapes form at this surface

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Asymmetric wave ripples with wave rippled cross bedding. Note irregular
bounding surface & well developed asymmetrical shapes on this surface

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Net!
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Mike Paros!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Net!
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Plane Bedding
 Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
 Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
 Currents
 Waves
 Graded & Imbricate Bedding
 Bedding Plane Structures

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures Nolunchucky, Virginia
 Plane Bedding
 Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
 Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
 Currents
 Waves
 Graded & Imbricate Bedding
 Bedding Plane Structures

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Suspension
& transport
associated with
turbidites on a
Grain submarine fan
Size
Fines
up

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Newman
Limestone
-
Pound Gap
-
Grain Suspension
Size & transport
Fines associated with
up storms

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Plane Bedding
 Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
 Bedforms generated by Multidirectional
flow
 Currents
 Waves
 Graded & Imbricate Bedding
 Bedding Plane Structures

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; desiccation cracks, pressure
dissolution, soil and other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Note Incised Surface

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Note Incised Surface
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 After Chamley, 1987
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 From Net!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 From Net!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
Straight ridges the result of objects being dragged on surface

From Net!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 From Net!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 From Net!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 From Net!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 From Net!

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Product of desiccation &
contraction of muddy sediments

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Ancient desiccation &
crack filling of muddy sediments
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution, soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 From Net!

or objects from outer space?

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 From Net!
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution, soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
Azerbaijan has no active volcanoes, but does have mud volcanoes -
hundreds of them. c
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Cones of mud & clay, usually
less than 1-2 m tall, built by a
mixture of hot water, mud &
clay that either pours gently
from a vent in the ground like
a fluid lava flow; or is ejected
into air like a lava fountain of
escaping volcanic gas &
boiling water.

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; desiccation cracks, pressure
dissolution, soil and other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Downloaded from the Net
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Downloaded from the Net
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Load cast are similar to flame in terms of
generation

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
 Incised Channels
 Sole Markings at layer base
 Flute
 Groove
 Tool or Bounce
 Current Crescent
 Rills & Gullies
 Mud Cracks
 Rain Drops
 Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
 Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
 Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution, soil and
other features

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/
 Trypanites - Rocky Coast
Substrate
 Teredolites – Peat or Xylic Substrate Controlled
 Glossifungites - Semi Consolidated Substrate

 Psilonichnus – Sandy Backshore

 Skolithos - Sandy Shore

 Cruziana – Sublittoral Zone

 Zoophycos – Bathyal Zone Softground

 Nereites – Abyssal Zone

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
 Seilacher's Model

Substrate
Softground
Controlled

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
University of Alberta “Ichnology Research Group” http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/0
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Dhabaiya, UAE
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
 Photo
-
Peach
Tree
Rock
-
SC

GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary

Structures
Black Hawk Formation, Utah
photo Martin
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Photo Seilacher
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Pleistocene of San Salvador
photo Martin
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Pleistocene, Florida
photo Martin
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures
Bookcliffs, Utah (net theft)
GEOL 325 Lecture 6: Sedimentary
Structures