The Reproductive System

Devi Arine Kusumawardani, S.Keb., M.Kes

Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Session Objectives

By end of session, participants will be able to:

• Explain anatomy & physiology of male reproduction
system
• Explain anatomy & physiology of female reproduction
system
• Explain process of fertilization

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
 Male Reproductive System

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
1. Scrotum

• Testes are located in a skin-

covered, highly pigmented,
muscular sack called the
scrotum
• Dartos muscles divides the
scrotum into two
compartments, each
housing one testis
• Cremaster muscles cover
each testis like a muscular
net
Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
2. Testes

• Paired ovals organ, 4-5 cm

in length and are housed
within the scrotum
• Produce both sperm and
androgens (testosteron)
• Testes are covered by tunica
vaginalis & tunica albuginea
• Tunica albuginea (septa)
divide testis into 300 to 400
lobules
• Descent of testis in 7 months
of pregnancy
Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Sperm Production

• Sperm develop in structures

called seminiferous tubules
• Process begins at puberty,
64 days per cycle
• New cycle starts every 16
days
• Route of sperm cells:
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Straight tubules
3. Rete testes
4. 15-20 Efferent ductules
cross tunica albuginea
5. Epididimis (maturation)
Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Sperm Production

Secrete signaling
Sertoli cells molecules to promote
sperm production

Sperm production Control germ cells live

or die

Germ cells Spermatogonia

(stem cell of testis)

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Spermatogenesis

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Structure of Formed Sperm

• Volume of a sperm 85.000 smaller than female gamete

• 100 to 300 million sperm are produced each day
• Head : 5µm length, acrosome (cap)  lysosomal enzymes for
fertilization
• Mid piece : mitochondria for produce ATP  power the
flagellum  to move the entire sperm cell
Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Accessory glands

• Sperm mature and • During ejaculation,

acquired ability to move sperm move to the
under their own power ductus deferens (vas
• It takes 12 days deferens)
• The more mature
sperm are stored in the
tail of epididymis until
ejaculation occurs

Epididymis Duct system

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Accessory glands

• 60% fluid of • Excrete alkaline, • Thick & salty fluid

semen volume milky fluid (semen) • Lubricates the end
• Large amounts of • First coagulate & of urethra & vagina
fructose  de-coagulate (pre-ejaculate-sex
mitochondria to semen following aroused)
generate ATP ejaculation • Clean urine
movement of residues from the
sperm penile urethra
Seminal vesicles Prostat gland Bulbourethral /
Cowper’s gland

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Penis

• Male organ of copulation (sexual intercourse)

• Flaccid – non sexual action (urination); Turgid – sexual arousal
• Erection :
1. Sexual arousal and REM sleep (during dreaming occurs)
2. Vasocongestion : engorgement of the tissue b/o more arterial blood flowing
into the penis
3. Size can increase during erection ± 15 cm of length

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Testosterone

Production

• Leydig cells (between seminiferous tubules in testes)

• 7th week of pregnancy - peak at 2nd trimester
• Childhood low  increase during puberty

Function

• Keep the male reproductive system work properly

• 6-7 mg/day  spermatogenesis (testes)
• Muscle development, bone growth, secondary sex
characteristic, libido (systemic)
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Regulation of Testosterone Production

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Female Reproductive System

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Female Reproductive System

• Vagina • Uterus • Breast

• Vulva • Fallopian tube
• Ovarium

External organ Internal organs Accessory organ

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Public Health Faculty – University of Jember
Vulva

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Vulva

• Pad of fat at anterior • Folds of hair- • Thinner & more

over pubic bone covered skin pigmented folds
• Covered by pubic • Begin just posterior • Protect urethra &
hair (puberty) to the mons pubis the entrance to the
vagina

Labia Labia
Mons pubis
majora minora

• Abundant nerves • Membrane partially • Behind labia majora

• Sexual sensation & covers entrance to • Secrete mucous that
orgasm the vagina keeps the vestibular
area moist

Bartholin’s
Clitoris Hymen
glands
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Vagina

Muscular canal (10 cm length) that entrance to reproductive

tract, exit from uterus during menses and childbirth

The walls of the vagina are lined with an outer,

fibrous adventitia; a middle layer of smooth muscle; and an
inner mucous membrane with transverse folds called rugae.

Flora normal vagina genus Lactobacillus

Secrete lactic acid  acidic pH (below 4.5)  self cleansing
organ

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Ovaries

Paired ovals, female gonads (2-3 cm in length like almond)

Supported by mesovarium  broad ligament (ovarian blood

and lymph vessels)
Ovary is attached to the uterus via ovarian ligament

Oocytes develop within outer layer of stroma, each

surrounded by supporting cells  follicle

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Ovaries

Department of Biostatistics and Population

The Ovarian Cycle - Oogenesis

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
The Ovarian Cycle - Folliculogenesis

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
The Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes/ Oviducts)

Source: Betts J.G, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson J.E, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, et al. (2017). Anatomy and Physiology. Texas : Rice University
Department of Biostatistics and Population
The Uterine Tubes
Sections
• Isthmus – connect to uterus
• Infundibulum – fimbriae
• Ampulla – fertilization often
occurs
Ovulation
• Oocyte release to peritoneal
cavity
• Received by uterine tube
• ↑ Estrogen induce contraction,
4-8 “
• Beating of the cilia help oocyte
moves to the interior of tube
• Fertilization occurs, sperm
meet the egg while it’s still
moving through the ampulla
Department of Biostatistics and Population
The Uterus

• Nourishes and support

growing embryo
• Size : 5-7 cm (non
pregnant)
• Section : fundus, corpus,
cervix
• Cervix : secrete mucus
that facilitate sperm
movement

Department of Biostatistics and Population

The Wall of Uterus

• Superficial layer • Middle layer • Innermost layer

• Serous membrane • Thick layer of • Connective tissue,
• Epithelial tissue smooth muscle lamina propria
covers exterior • Uterine contraction • Layer : stratum
portion of uterus (labor, mens, basalis & stratum
facilitate the functionalis (shed
transport of sperm) during
menstruation)
Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

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The Menstrual Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle

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The Breasts

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The Breasts

Function Section Hormonal change

• Lactation : supply • 15-20 lactiferous • Menstrual cycle :

milk to an infant ducts (nipple) swelling &
• Breast milk is • Lactiferous tenderness
produced by sinous (connect to (secretory phase)
mammary glands a glandular lobe) • Pregnancy :
• Size of breast : • Alveoli (milk- enlargement of
lobes (fat tissue), secreting cell) breast dan
size ≠ amount of mammary tissue
milk produced

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Fertilization
Fertilization

Fertilization

• Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an oocyte

(egg) combine and their nuclei fuse.
• Haploid cell  diploid cell  zygote

Process

• Transit of sperm
• Contact between sperm and oocyte
Transit of Sperm
Transit of Sperm
• Ejaculation: hundreds of
millions of sperm(spermatozoa)
are released into the vagina
• Sperm may be blocked by thick
cervical mucus, acidity of
vagina (pH 3.8), destroyed by
phagocytic uterine leukocytes
• Uterine tubes : facilitated by
uterine contraction (30 min-2
hours), survive 3-5 days
• Oocyte can survive 24 hours
following ovulation
Capacitation
• Fluids in the female
reproductive tract prepare the
sperm for fertilization through a
process called capacitation
• Function: ↑ sperm motility,
facilitate release of the
lysosomal(digestive) enzymes
 penetrate oocyte
Department of Biostatistics and Population
Contact between sperm and oocyte

Department of Biostatistics and Population

Contact between sperm and oocyte

Sperm contact sperm-

Ovulation : oocyte
Sperm reach the binding receptors on
released by the ovary
oocyte the oocyte’s plasma
along the uterine tube
membrane

Plasma membrane of
Acrosomal reaction
Fertilization must occur sperm fuses with the
(enzyme-filled “cap” of
in distal uterine tube oocyte’s plasma
sperm/acrosome)
membrane

Sperm penetrate two The head and mid-

The oocyte encounters
protective layers : piece of the “winning”
the survivng
corona radiata, zona sperm enter the oocyte
capacitated sperm
pellucida interior
Department of Biostatistics and Population
When the first sperm fuses with the oocyte,
2 mechanisms to prevent polyspermy

Fast block :
• Change in sodium ion permeability upon binding of the first sperm
• Depolarizing the oocyte plasma membrane
• Preventing the fusion of additional sperm cells (± 1 minute)
Slow block (Cortical reaction)
• Cortical granules sitting immediately below the oocyte plasma membrane
fuse with the membrane
• Release zonal inhibiting proteins and mucopolysaccharides into the space
between the plasma membrane and the zona pellucida
• Zonal inhibiting proteins cause the release of any other attached sperm and
destroy the oocyte’s sperm receptors, thus preventing any more
sperm from binding
The Zygote

• At the point of fertilization, the oocyte has not yet completed meiosis, all
secondary oocytes remain arrested in metaphase of meiosis II until
fertilization.

• When fertilization the oocyte complete meiosis  become ovum (female

haploid gamete)  2n haploid nuclei  pronuclei  single-celled diploid
zygote

• A woman releases a single egg during ovulation cycle

1. 1% ovulation cycles, 2 eggs are released and both fertilized  two zigotes
 dizygotic (fraternal) twins
2. A zigote can divide into 2 separate offspring during early development 
monozygotic (identical) twins
QUIZ TIME …

• Seorang wanita A usia 24 tahun memiliki siklus haid tidak teratur, siklusnya
berkisar antara 26-29 hari. Hari pertama haid terakhir wanita A jatuh pada
tanggal 31 Agustus 2019. Kapan kira-kira masa subur wanita A terjadi ?