Business Research Report Chapter 14

C H A P T E R 1 4
SAMPLING
Group 7
Free SlideSalad PowerPoint Template Copyright (C) SlideSalad.com All rights reserved.
By selecting some of the elements of the
SAMPLING population, we may draw conclusions about
the entire population.
AnLOWER
idea thatCOST
is not dangerous is unworthy of
being called an idea at all.
GREATER ACCURACY OF RESULTS WHY
GREATER SPEED OF DATA COLLECTION
AVAILABILITY OF POPULATION ELEMENTS
SAMPLE?
What Is a Good Sample?
how well it represents the characteristics of the population it purports to represent
A good sample must SAMPLE

be VALID. VERSUS
CENSUS
ACCURACY a census is (1) feasible when the population
degree to which bias is absent from the sample is small and (2) necessary when the elements
• SYSTEMATIC VARIANCE
are quite different from each other.
PRECISION
measure of how closely the sample represents the population
• SYSTEMATIC VARIANCE
TYPES OF
SAMPLING
DESIGN
Types of Sampling Design
VS
REPRESENTATION BASIS ELEMENT SELECTION

The members of a sample are selected using probability or elements are selected individually and directly from the
nonprobability procedures. population—viewed as a single pool—or additional controls
are imposed
Representation Basis
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING PROBABILITY SAMPLING

arbitrary and subjective random selection—a controlled procedure that assures that
each population element is given a known nonzero chance of
selection
Element Selection
UNRESTRICTED RESTRICTED
each sample element is drawn individually from the population covers all other forms of sampling
at large
STEPS IN 01 What is the target population?
What are the parameters of interest?

SAMPLING 02
Population parameters are summary descriptors of variables of
interest in the population
Sample statistics are descriptors of those same relevant
DESIGN variables computed from sample data
population proportion of incidence
03 What is the sampling frame?

the list of elements from which the sample is actually drawn
04 What is the appropriate sampling method?

the list of elements from which the sample is actually drawn
05 What size sample is needed?
Probability Sampling
each population element has a known

and equal chance of selection
SIMPLE
RANDOM
Probability of Selection = Sample Size000
Population Size SAMPLING
Probability Sampling
A more efficient sample in a statistical sense is
one that provides a given precision (standard COMPLEX
error of the mean or proportion) with a smaller
sample size
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Complex Probability Sampling
The kth element, or skip interval, is determined

by dividing the sample size into the population
size to obtain the skip pattern applied to the
sampling frame Systematic
Sampling
every kth element in the population is
sampled, beginning with a random start of an
element in the range of 1 to the k.
SIMPLICITY AND FLEXIBILITY
With the ideal stratification, each stratum
is homogeneous internally and
heterogeneous with other strata
Stratified
to increase a sample’s statistical efficiency
Sampling
process by which the sample is constrained
to provide adequate data for analyzing the
to include elements from each of the segments
various subpopulations or strata
to enable different research methods and
procedures to be used in different strata
Statistical efficiency for cluster samples is usually
lower than for simple random samples chiefly because
clusters often don’t meet the need for heterogeneity
and, instead, are homogeneous Cluster
the need for more economic efficiency than can
Sampling
be provided by simple random sampling The population can also be divided into groups
of elements with some groups randomly
the frequent unavailability of a practical
sampling frame for individual elements selected for study
Cluster Sampling
AREA SAMPLING
overcomes the problems of both high sampling cost and the
unavailability of a practical sampling frame for individual
elements
applied to national populations, country populations, and even

smaller areas where there are well-defined political or natural
boundaries
Cluster Sampling
Design When clusters are homogeneous, this
01 contributes to low statistical efficiency
Construct clusters
1. How homogeneous are the resulting clusters?
A cluster sample may be composed of
2. Shall we seek equal-size or unequal-size clusters? 02 clusters of equal or unequal size.
the means of sample clusters are unbiased estimates of the
3. How large a cluster shall we take? population mean
4. Shall we use a single-stage or multistage cluster? There is no a priori answer to the ideal
03 cluster size question
5. How large a sample is needed?
Concerning single-stage or multistage

cluster designs, for most large-scale area
04 sampling, the tendency is to use multistage
designs
The answer to how many subjects must be
interviewed or observed depends heavily
05 on the specific cluster design, and the
details can be complicated
Also called sequential sampling, or multiphase

sampling. It is usually found with stratified and/or Double
cluster designs.
Sampling
collect some information by sample and then
use this information as the basis for selecting a
subsample for further study
Non Probability Sampling
METHODS 01
Convenience
Nonprobability samples that are unrestricted
Purposive Sampling
A nonprobability sample that conforms to certain criteria
Judgment sampling occurs when a researcher selects

02 sample members to conform to some criterion
Quota sampling: certain relevant characteristics describe the

dimensions of the population
Snowball
03 gathers subjects as it rolls along

Business Research Report Chapter 14

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Business Research Report Chapter 14

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

C H A P T E R 1 4

A good sample must SAMPLE

REPRESENTATION BASIS ELEMENT SELECTION

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING PROBABILITY SAMPLING

What are the parameters of interest?

Sample statistics are descriptors of those same relevant

DESIGN variables computed from sample data

population proportion of incidence

03 What is the sampling frame?

04 What is the appropriate sampling method?

05 What size sample is needed?

each population element has a known

The kth element, or skip interval, is determined

SIMPLICITY AND FLEXIBILITY

applied to national populations, country populations, and even

Concerning single-stage or multistage

Also called sequential sampling, or multiphase

Judgment sampling occurs when a researcher selects

Quota sampling: certain relevant characteristics describe the

You might also like