Reflection at a Spherical Surface

CONVEX MIRROR
Examples of Convex mirrors
Magnification
Examples of Concave mirrors
Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
Optical Path Length OPL = 𝑛𝑙0 + 𝑛𝑙𝑖

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In triangle SAC

In triangle ACP

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From Fermat’s Principle
ⅆ 𝑂𝑃𝐿
=0
ⅆ

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 Special Cases
(a) Image at infinity

f0 = Object focus/first focus

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 Special Cases
(b) Object at infinity

fi = image focus/second focus

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Thin Lenses

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Thin Lenses Equation

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Thin Lenses Equation

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Thin Lenses Equation

nl > nm R2 < 0
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Thin Lenses Equation

𝑑 ≈ 0, 𝑛𝑚 → 1

Lensmaker’s Formula

Gaussian Lens Formula

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 Thin Lenses

(1) Convex/Converging/positive lenses

Thicker in the middle
Decrease the radius of curvature of wave-fronts

(2) Concave/Diverging/negative lenses

Thinner in the middle
Increase the radius of curvature of wave-fronts

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Thin Lenses

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Focal points
and planes

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