Dianne Castillejo: At ‘yan ang end ng round

eight.
Yan ang maganda sa fight between Mexican and
Pinoy. Hindi sila sumusuko. They keep on
fighting.
At yung galaw ni Nietes consistent from the
start. Ano?
Nonito Donaire: Allejo is on the right track of his
mind right now. Parang he is able to do whatever
he wants to do.
Time out muna - a fighter sustained a cut’
D: Tingnan mo halatang malakas ang breathing
niya.
Napakaganda ng panahon dito sa open air arena.
N: Good job.
D: 33 years old Nietes lumalaban ng unang beses
dito sa America.
N: Kaya nga eh nu’ng natalo ako….
Kaya nga eh it hurts. May dugong Filipino din
ako, although I grew up in the States.
D: Bilib si Bob Arum sa mga pinoy fans. Kahit
saan ka lumaban lalu na sa California.
N: Kana… kana..
Nietes is going side to side… He’s doing his job
again. He’s moving around.
D: Mukhang bumalik naman ang energy nitong
si Allejo.
N: The last minute. Allejo is trying to push.
His fight is no good. Allejo is a great man.
Ten seconds…. Nietes is the winner with Allejo
defeated but full of heart.
D: Proud po tayo sa lahat nang winner na mga
Pinoy.
CODE SWITCHING

CODE-SWITCHING
 Code switching

A widespread phenomenon
among speakers of different
languages or dialects.
Wardhaugh( 2010: p. 198)
Code
- Any particular language or dialect one chooses to use on
any given occasion and the communication system used
between two or more parties.
- Most speakers command several varieties of any language
they speak
The norm for many people in the world:
Bilingualism
and vs. Unilingualism
Multilingualism
 Norm of people in
Multilingual societies:

- Toswitch and mix code according

to particular personal and social
condition of the communication
situation a speaker is engaged in
 Code switching
- A process of codes alternation
- describes any switch among
languages in the course of a
conversation
- At the level of words, sentences or block of
speech
- Often occurs among bilinguals who
speak similar languages
Other definitions:
Hudson (1980)
- speaker’s use of different varieties of the
same language at different times and in
different situations (more of diglossic)
Gringas (1974)
- Alternation of grammatical rules
drawn from two different languages
which occurs between sentence
boundaries
( from the perspective of two different languages and only
occuring at sentence boundaries)
 How does code switching emerge?
- sociocultural linguistics
Bloom and Gumperz’s (1972) “Social meaning in
linguistic structures”
- 1972 “code switching”
- well attested in the literature
- studies in linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics
prefigured code switching research in sociocultural
linguistics
Uriel Weinreich’s (1953)
- Languages in Contact

Hans Vogt, Language Contacts (1954)

- first article to use the term “code-
switching” in the field of linguistics
(Alvarez-Cáccamo 1998; Benson 2001)
According to a study

Codeswitching: An
Examination of Naturally
Occurring Conversation
Rosamina Lowi
University of California at Los Angeles
Codeswitching (CS)
- utilization of language resources in
multilinguals’ speech

- not hit or miss

and begins
- (Myers Scotton and Jake, 2001),

with conceptually activated

discourse-level decisions (ibid)
Codeswitching
bilingual/multilingual practice
used as a
- conversational tool
- way to establish, maintain and
delineate ethnic boundaries and
identities
a social process
Code switching
- provides multilinguals with “a resource
for indexing situationally salient aspects
of context in speakers’ attempts to
accomplish interactional goals” (Heller,
1988: 3)
 Dominant Perspectives
Nature of study of codeswitching

sociolinguistic

grammatical
 sociolinguistic approach
- examines languages in contact in
bilingual or migrant communities

- concerns itself with social and

political motivations for its use
Macro approach to the study of
codeswitching
- defines its analyses to the larger
view of codeswitching as a
function of social context and
hierarchies
- noted examination of language
ideologies and attitudes as an
underlying factor

(Gal, 1987, 1988; Jaffe, 1999; Kroskrity, 1993)

e.g.
1. codeswitching as a
conversational strategy
- investigated in Gibraltar
Spanish and English
- contact languages for several hundred
years (Moyer, 1998)
2. social networks used by bilingual
communities in:
- Britain (Milroy and Wei, 1995)
- New York by Puerto Rican
immigrants (Poplack, 1980;
Zentella, 1990)
- Los Angeles by Japanese/English
speakers (Yamamoto, 2001)
- Arizona by Spanish/Neuhuatl
speakers (MacSwan, 2000)
Grammatical Approach
psycholinguistic in nature

- entails experimental studies to support

models of bilingual language processing

- Models try to explain how bilinguals differ

from monolinguals in the way their
languages are internalized
Issues addressed
1. message construction,

2. lexical access

3.integration of lexical and syntactic representation

in bilingual language production and
comprehension

(Bialystok, 2001; Dussais,2001; Grosjean, 1997; Muyksen, 2000; Myers

Scotton & Jake, 2001).
 grammatical and syntactic
nature
driven by the notion

- systematic favoritism for switches involves

certain forms
Woolford (1983) and McSwann (2000)

- seek to explain codeswitching in terms of

the Chomskian underlying frameworks for
generative grammar
 Micro perspective approach
concerns itself purely with :

- the syntactic formulation of codeswitched

bilingual production

- way their languages are internalized

codeswitching

- discourse related

- its use contributes to the interactional

meaning of the utterance

- organizes conversation”.
verbal interaction between bilingual
speakers is open to :

- local processes of language negotiation

- code selection

Auer (1995)
View attempts to bridge the gap between:
sociolinguistic approach
- restricts its analysis to the social
significance of codeswitching within
bilingual communities
grammatical approach
seeks to explain models of
psycholinguistic language processing
or to define codeswitching in terms of
grammatical models
 Forms of codeswitching
 intrasentential
 nonce borrowing, a shift to another language for a word or
phrase
- looked at within the context
of conversational interaction
which includes:
change of:
topic
situation
interlocutor
Eight Conversational Loci in which
codeswitching is frequent: P. Auer (1998)
1. Reported speech

2. Change of participant constellation

(address selection and the use of
codeswitching to
include/exclude/marginalize
participants or bystanders)
3. Parentheses or side comments

4. Reiterations (quasi-translations into

the other language for the purpose of
putting emphasis on demands,
requests, for clarification, attracting
attention and the regulation
of turn taking)
5. Change of activity type (also referred
to as mode shift or role shift)

6. Topic shift

7. Puns, language play and shift of key

8. Topicalization and topic/comment

structure