Blockchain Framework for Priority Metric

Based Academic Record Repository

Authors: Ajita Banerjee, Arman Singhal, Lokesh Gujral

Under the Guidance of : Dr. Kavita Choudhary
Blockchain
 Blockchain as the name suggests can be virtually visualized as
an endless chain of blocks. It can be defined as a distributed
database that maintains records in the form of blocks.
 It is a decentralized structure that maintains a linked chain of
blocks being added continuously.
 Complex algorithms and very high computational power is
required to process the transactions for inserting blocks into
the chain.
Blockchain is peer to peer technology
combined with encryption
 Each of the block records a transaction that has taken place. It
stores a timestamp to mark the time of transaction and a link
to denote the prior block. As the timestamp can’t be
changed, blocks can’t be modified. Hence the design enforces
trustworthiness in a decentralized structure.
 Blockchain functionally work on consent of all, removing the
requirement of middle man authority.
 But the most important advantage of Blockchain is the
solution to double spending. This revolutionary approach will
make every system economically stronger by cutting the
cost of maintenance.
Our Goal
 This paper proposed a Blockchain fabric where an academic
track record can be managed for every Indian Citizen after
getting verified through Aadhaar Number. The resultant
information generated by the proposed fabric would be
immutable, decentralized and on distributed ledger.
 to make recruitment process transparent and efficient.
 Reason behind:
As there is no secure and distributed platform for skill
tracking and managing rightnow available in India, this
paper will propose a model to have a non-centralized
repository for all academic reports as an evidence of
certain skill acquirement, which could be furthered to
rate the skill sets on the basis of priority. This
proposed model will be used by various Government
and non-government organizations while hiring
employees.
 Literature Survey
In the paper “Enigma: Decentralized Computation Platform with
Guaranteed Privacy”, Zyskind et al. [1] has attacked the issue of protection
of personal data. So a lightweight architecture for blockchain is
conceptualized to improvise the strength. In this paper a method is
proposed where an external blockchain is used only to store the references
to actual data hence responsible for light-weight processing whereas the
actual data is stored off-chain. This model is based on a highly optimized
version of secure multi-party computation. In “Towards a More
Democratic Mining in Bitcoins” by Paul et al. [2] a new scheme is proposed
to mine Bitcoin in an energy efficient technique. This technique is
suggested as an alternative way to the existing Proof-of-Work scheme
where some extra bytes are added to the present block header so that the
timestamp is utilized more effectively in the hash generation. This paper
basically introduces a new defense mechanism cyber-attack.
 Literature Survey
Although many mechanisms such as distributed consensus and cryptography
are there to prevent Blockchain from common cyber-attacks, however
attacks like 51% attack of 14th June 2014, which is peculiar to a
Blockchain, is a matter of concern. As discussed by Underwood [3] in his
paper, immutability is a prime reason behind the acceptance of Blockchain
in the finance sector. However, this assumption of security by the
organizations adopting it initially hasn’t been same after 51% attack.Yli-
Huumo et al. [4], authenticates that in a case like this a single node can
control all other nodes and can smartly manipulate the records during
attack. Lim et al. [5], describes that attacks like DDoS and hacking of
private accounts are also other common breaches in security in a
Blockchain.
 Literature Survey
This analysis is supported by Atzori [6], which says that as the nodes have
access to all the data, which may pose threat to confidentiality and privacy.
According to Kakavand et al. [7] and also Peters and Panayi [8], Blockchain
can be used as a boon in application areas that involve smart contracts or
financial asset settlements and even in areas which involve financial
transactions.
In today’s competitive economy, new innovative ways to reduce transaction
costs can surely be explored by the use of Blockchain technology. One of
such innovation chain.com a start-up venture of NASDAQ aiming for private
equity exchange is introduced by Crosby et al. [9]. This paper also discussed
about the applications which are non-financial like the electronic voting
system proposed by Bitcoin foundation to enforce transparency. Other
applications like management of digital ownership and notary services based
on Blockchain are also discussed in the paper.
 Literature Survey
According to Kim and Laskowski [10], the application of Blockchain in
supply chain management is described in elaboration. It is said that the
consensus-based ledger system is quite useful for product provenance as the
origin and processes can be tracked easily in a Blockchain. In the paper “A
maturity model for blockchain adoption” by Wang et al. [11], a five-stage
maturity model is proposed which has four dimensions for blockchain. For
adoption of the same model a progressive procedure is also proposed to
guide step by step. In the paper, “Are Blockchains Immune to All Malicious
Attacks” by Xu[12], various types of malicious activities and fraud that can be
prevented by blockchain technology are identified. Even the attacks that are
vulnerable for Blockchain are also discussed. This paper has
recommendations for measures that could be taken for security of
blockchains. Sun et al. [13] has discussed an altogether new perspective of
Blockchain that is its contribution in making smart cities in future. Zhu and
Zhou [14], has analysed some important issues of China’s equity
crowdfunding. This proposal will be helpful in reducing the cost in equity
registration or operations related to them. From this valuable information
can be generated to understand the crowdfunding market in a more efficient
way.
Proposed Framework of Academic Repository
The process: how the processes, protocols, role of
miners, setting of priorities are integrated altogether
 National Institutes and individuals will upload all the
transcripts of achievements and skills in this repository.
 Miners from recognized institutes will verify the
authenticity of the documents.
 An individual can update additional skills on the platform.
 This will be verified by Miners from Domain Specific
Communities where they can validate the skill.
The process: how the processes, protocols, role of
miners, setting of priorities are integrated altogether
The proposed framework will:
 generate a Resume of the person with all the verified skills
on the platform
 That is helpful for any organization (Government Sector)
to keep track of skilled individuals
 Aadhaar verification (UID), hence authentic
The process: how the processes, protocols, role of
miners, setting of priorities are integrated altogether
Easier and faster skill search:
If an organization wants to hire people on a particular set of
skills, by simply querying on the skills they can search for
worthy people.
Sending offer letters to final hiring each process will be
verified by Verifiers at all stages.
The process: how the processes, protocols, role of
miners, setting of priorities are integrated altogether
Verifiers:
Verifiers will be miners in the blockchain
 First categorization of miners is from pool of recognized
and approved organizations.
 Second categorization of miners is from domain specific
communities. This community comprises similarly skilled
peers who are responsible for the verifying process of
additional skills added by individuals.
Proposed Class Diagram for Academic
Repository
 Smart Contracts for Academic Repository
This paper proposes two smart contracts namely:
“Repository.sol” and “Institution.sol”
Respective contracts are responsible collectively starting from the
process of registering a student till own verification by respective
university or school. Repository contract contains the relevant
information of a student who likes to share skills on an online
portal.
The Institution contract holds the necessary details of the
institution and its respective students. The details comprise name,
registered number and the city. With the help of the Aadhaar
identification they can store their students’ necessary qualifications
and verification would take place by institutes.
 Smart Contracts for Academic Repository
• The concept of the Aadhar verification (UID) will be an
important and necessary aspect to connect the two contracts.
• Only if UID matches in both contracts then it would be possible
to retrieve the qualifications / academic record of any student.
• It serves as a vigilant method to provide the abstraction and
transparency of any students’ details who wishes so.
Snap Shorts of the smart contracts
The output:
This is the output for the
repository for students .The
smart contract is deployed
using an account address.
Following contract contains
the details of any student.
Register function registers a
student using his/her Adhaar
number.
•addSkill adds the skill set of
the particular student.
•output_skill displays the
skill set of that student.
 Conclusion
Government Recruitment portal can directly forward the job-related
openings to concerned skill set available across India with single click.
Verification Process can be managed where Proof of work and Proof
of stake would be applied. Government and other stakeholders can
filter the data as per requirements and can deduce the “Skill Metric” of
India. Job information and opportunities can reach to beneficiary
directly with no misleading / misguidance at all.
The proposed Blockchain framework can be further extended by
integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning. This
welcomes variety of high-volume data analytic solutions for various
applications.
 Bibliography
1. Zyskind G, Nathan O, Pentland A (2015) Enigma: Decentralized
Computation Platform with Guaranteed Privacy. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1506.03471
2. Paul G, Sarkar P, Mukherjee S (2014) Towards a More Democratic
Mining in Bitcoins. In: Prakash A, Shyamasundar R. Information
Systems Security. vol. 8880 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp. 185–203
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11 (October 2016), 15–17
4. Yli-Huumo J, Ko D, Choi S, Park S, Smolander K (2016) Where Is
Current Research on BlockchainTechnology – A Systematic Review.
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 Bibliography
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https://ssrn.com/abstract=2846810
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at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2849251
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Through Blockchain Technologies: Future of Transaction Processing and
Smart Contracts on the Internet of Money. Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2692487
 Bibliography
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