&

EVO LU T I O N
What is Biodiversity?
 What is Biodiversity?

Bio means life.

Diversity means variety
Biodiversity refers to the variety of
of life in an area.
KEY TERMS:
• ECOSYSTEM – is a unit in which living things
interact with the nonliving components
• ENVIRONMENT – refers to the living (biotic)
and non living (abiotic) factors in the ecosystem
 In any ecosystem, organisms need a
balanced environment. A balanced
ecosystem is one in which all living
and nonliving things are interacting
successfully.
 If any part of the ecosystem is
disturbed, other parts will also be
disturbed.
• What happens to a community when its species
diversity is reduced?
• Does loss of biodiversity affect an ecosystem’s
ability to sustain the species that remain or to
perform certain functions that may contribute to
the needs of that ecosystem?
This module will help you find answers to these
questions.
In this module, you are expected to:
1. Relate species extinction to the failure of
populations of organisms to adapt to abrupt
changes in the environment,
• Explain the importance of biological diversity.
• Find out how changes in the environment can
affect species extinction.
• Distinguish environmental changes that may
result in the loss of the species.
 •
KEY QUESTIONS:
What causes species
extinction?
• How can changes in the
environment affect the
continued survival of the
species?
• Different parts of the ecosystem interact with
•
oneWhat causes
another. Changesspecies
to one part affect other
parts.
extinction?
• When all the members of a species die, that
• How can changes in the
species’ place in the ecosystem is gone
environment
forever. affect the
• Incontinued
this module you will study
survival ofthe
thevarious
threats that are considered causes of the loss
species?
of biodiversity.
TUBBATAHA REEF MARINE PARK
COCONUT PLANTATTION
 • What causes
POPULATION - aspecies
group of living
things within
extinction? a certain area that are
all of the same species.
• How can changes in the
environment
SPECIES affect the
– any organism of the same
kind that are capable
continued survivalofofproducing
the
healthy offspring
species?
• Several different populations
• What causes species
may be found
extinction? in a
community.
•How can changes in the
•Aenvironment
populationaffect
of one kind may
the
continued
affect survival ofof
a population the
another
species?
kind within the community.
 •
A jungle
Whathas a greater
causes amount of
species
biological diversity, or biodiversity, than
extinction?
a cornfield.
•
In aHow
junglecan changessome
community, in the
populations, such as ants, fungi, and
environment affect the
ferns, can be very large in number. Other
continued
populations survival
such as tigersofand
thesnakes
have fewer
species? members.
JUNGLE VS. CORNFIELD
• • What causes
Communities species
with many different
extinction?
species (a high index of diversity)
•
willHow
be able to withstand
can changes in the
environmental changes
environment affect the better than
communities with only a few species
continued survival of the
(a low index of diversity).
species?
• •InWhat
a balanced ecosystem,
causes species
organisms need a balanced
extinction?
environment. A change in
•
How cansizes
population changes
may bein due
the to
environment
factors affectingaffect the
the environment.
• continued
Why survival
is it that of the
populations do not
species?
increase without end?
• •This is ancauses
What area in Calauit,
speciesPalawan,
that is set aside as a park preserve, and
extinction?
no hunting is allowed in the park.
• How can changes in the
• A number of animals like giraffe and
environment
zebra affect
are placed in the There are
the area.
continued
plenty survival
of plants to serveof
as the
food for the
giraffe and
species? zebra population.
 • What causes species
• The herd of giraffe and zebra are assumed
toextinction?
be healthy and begin to Multiply faster

•
than expected.
How can changes in the
• Predict what will happen if the giraffe and
environment affect the
zebra population continues to increase in the
continued
park area. survival of the
species?
• •InWhat
a balanced ecosystem,
causes species
organisms need a balanced
extinction?
environment. A change in
• How can changes in the
population sizes may be due to
environment affect the
factors affecting the environment.
continued
Why survival
is it that of the do not
populations
increase without end?
species?
• Populations can be of the same size, but
• What causes species
they may have different densities.
extinction?
• When we consider the number of
• How can
individuals perchanges in the
unit area, we are referring
to the density of the population.
environment affect the
Differences in population density in any
continued survival of the
community may be attributed to many
species?
factors.
 • What causes
Population size is species
the actual number of
extinction?
individuals in a population. 
Population density is a measurement
• How can changes in the
of population size per unit area
environment
- tells affect the
how many individuals or species are
found for every given space
continued survival of the in the
ecosystem.
species?
 •
PROBLEM: Suppose
What causes 60 ants live in a 4
species
sq m plot of grass. What would be the
extinction?
population density of ants? What would
•
the How
population density be if
can changes in the
in 4 sq m plot of grass?
100 ants live

environment affect the

Population density = number of
continued survival of the
individuals
species?size of area
• •Population
What causes
sizes species
change when new
extinction?
members move into the ecosystem.

•
They decrease when members
How can changes in the
out of an ecosystem.
move
environment affect the
• The birth rate and death
continued survival of the rates can
also affect a population’s size.
species?
 •
Limiting factors
What causes - anything that
species
limits the size of a population like
extinction?
certain environmental conditions
• How can changes in the
Limiting factors keep a population
environment affect the
from:
continued
- increasing survival of the
in size
- help balance
species? an ecosystem
 •
Examples of limiting factors:
What causes species
• availability of food,
• extinction?
water,

•
• living
How can changes in the
conditions
• light
environment affect the
• temperature
continued survival of the
• soil nutrients (because they help determine the
species?
types of organisms that can live in an ecosystem)
 • What causes species
Carrying capacity - the
extinction?
maximum population size an
• How can changes
environment can support
in the
* Ifenvironment
the population affect the
size rises above the
carrying capacity, organisms
continued survival of the die because
they cannot meet all their needs.
species?
KEY CONCEPTS:
• • What causes species
Population sizes vary among organisms. They change
extinction?
with the number of births and when they move into an
ecosystem. They also change when members die or move

• How can changes in the

out of an ecosystem.
• Limiting factors are environmental conditions that keep a
environment affect the
population from increasing in size and help balance

continued survival of the

ecosystems.
• The carrying capacity is affected by changes in the
species?
environment
 •
LifeWhat
depends on life.species
causes Animals can not
exist without green plants. Living things
extinction?
create niches for other living things.
•
ButHow
whatcan changes
happens in living
if the the
conditions of these organisms are
environment affect the
not ideal for their survival? What do
youcontinued
think are survival
the major ofcauses
the of
species extinction?
species?
 • What causes species
When a species, population
extinction?
becomes so low that only a
• How can changes in the
few remain, the species is
environment affect
considered ENDANGERED the
continued survival of the
will possibly become extinct.
species?
In the Philippines, some terrestrial species
like the tamaraw in Mindoro
Mouse deer in Palawan
Philippine Deer
monkey-eating eagle
Aquatic species like the dugong found in
Negros, Batangas, and Leyte are in danger
of extinction.
EXTINCTION
Dugong (Mantee)
There`s a particular
• What causes species
species that declines so
extinction?
fast
• Howthat
can it becomes
changes in the
endangered andthe
environment affect it is
said to besurvival of the
continued
species?
THREATENED.
 •
Ex. What
A study causes
conductedspecies
by field biologists on
population size and distribution of Philippine
extinction?
fauna, they reported that as of 1991

•
89 species of birds
How can changes in the
44 species of mammals &
are inter-
nationally
environment
8 species of reptiles
affect the
threatened
continued
* These survival
include also of the
the Philippine eagle or
monkey eating eagle
species?
 EXTINCTION
• What causes species
Is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members die.
Cause:
extinction?
•
Changes to habitats, due to increasing population
How can changes in the
• Natural vegetation in the area has been cleared.
Concrete structures affect the
• environment
• Increasing populations of other organisms
continued survival
gradually take over the area. of the
• Some areas were destroyed by natural disaters
species?
or by human activities
QUIZ
6. It is a measurement of population A. CARRYING
size per unit area
CAPACITY
7. Refers to the variety of life in an
area.
8. Anything that limits the size of a
B. LIMITING FACTORS
population like certain environmental
conditions C. ENDANGERED
9. The maximum population size an
environment can support. D. EXTINCTION
10. Is the disappearance of a species
when the last of its members die.
E. POPULATION
11. When a species, population
becomes so low that only a few
DENSITY
remain, the species is considered
________. F. BIODIVERSITY