TESTES

• These are oval organs about the size of large

olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either
end by a structure called the spermatic cord
• The testes are responsible for making
testosterone, the primary male sex hormone,
and for generating sperm
• The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests
on the backside of each testicle. It transports
and stores sperm cells that are produced in the
testes
• The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that
travels from the epididymis into the pelvic
cavity, to just behind the bladder

• The vas deferens transports mature sperm to

the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm
to outside of the body, in preparation for
ejaculation
• The urethra is the tube that carries urine from
the bladder to outside of the body

• 3 regions (1) the prostatic urethra, (2) the

membranous urethra,(3) spongy (penile) urethra
• Includes the paired seminal vesicles, the single
prostate gland, and the bulbourethral gland

• These glands produce the bulk of semen

• The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that
attach to the vas deferens near the base of the
bladder
• The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid
(fructose) that provides sperm with a source of
energy to help them move
• The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most
of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or
ejaculate
• The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure
that is located below the urinary bladder in
front of the rectum
• The prostate gland contributes additional fluid
to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to
nourish the sperm
• The urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be
expelled during orgasm, runs through the canter
of the prostate gland
• Also called Cowper's glands, these are pea-
sized structures located on the sides of the
urethra just below the prostate gland
• These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid
that empties directly into the urethra
• This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to
neutralize any acidity that may be present due
to residual drops of urine in the urethra
• Semen, also called seminal fluid, fluid that is
emitted from the male reproductive tract and
that contains sperm cells, which are capable of
fertilizing the female eggs

• Semen also contains other liquids, known as

seminal plasma, which help to keep the sperm
cells viable
• In Male, it include the "scrotum" and the "penis"
• Scrotum- divided sac of skin that hangs outside
the abdominal cavity, between the legs and at
the root of penis
• Temperature of scrotum is 3 degree Celsius or
5.4 Fahrenheit
• Penis- deliver the sperm into the female
reproductive tract
• Shaft- skin covered penis which ends in an
enlarge tip, glans penis
• Prepuce or foreskin- skin covering of penis that
folds downward to form cuff of skin
• The spongy urethra is surrounded by three
elongated areas of erectile tissue. This causes
the penis to enlarge and become rigid. It is
called "erection"
• The chief role of the male reproductive process
is to produce sperm and the hormone
testosterone
• Spermatogenesis- sperm production
• begins during puberty and continues
throughout life
•sperm formation occurs in the seminiferous
tubules of the testis
THREE REGIONS OF THE MATURE SPERM:

• Head
• Midpiece
• Tail
• Testosterone - produced by interstitial cells -
most important hormonal product of the testes -
referred to as the "masculinizing" hormone
• Rising blood level of testosterone in the young
male stimulates the adolescent growth spurt,
prods his reproductive organs to develop to
their adult size, underlies the sex drive, and
causes the secondary male sex characteristics to
appear
Secondary male sex characteristics:
• Deepening of the voice
• Increased hair growth all over the body
• Enlargement of skeletal muscles
• Increased heaviness of the skeleton
• Ovaries- are the primary reproductive organs
of the female
- the paired ovaries are pretty much the
size and shape of almonds
• Uterine tubes, Uterus, and Vagina
• Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes- received the ovulated
oocyte and provide site where fertilization can
occur
• Each uterine tubes is about 10cm (4 inches) long
• The distal end of each uterine tubes expands as
the funnel shaped infundibulum, which has
finger-liked projections called fimbriae that
surrounds the ovary
• Uterus- received, retain, and nourish a fertilized
egg. In a woman who has never been pregnant,
It is about the size and shape of a pear
• Body- major portion of the uterus
• Fundus- superior rounded entrance of the
uterine tube
• Cervix- narrow outlet, protrudes into the
vagina
• Walls of Uterus is thick and composed of three
layers
• Endometrium- inner layer
•Myometrium- middle layer of the uterus
• Perimetrium- outermost layer
• Vagina- thin-walled tube 8 to 10 cm long.
Provides a passageway for the delivery of an
infant and the menstrual flow to leave the body
• Hymen- thin fold of the mucosa. Very vascular
and tends to bleed when it is ruptured during
the first sexual intercourse
• also called "vulva" includes mons pubis, labia
clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, and greater
vestibular glands
• Mons pubis- (mountain on the pubis) is a fatty,
rounded area contains pubic hair after puberty
• Labia Majora- enclose two delicate hair-free
folds the labia minora. It enclose also the
vestibule or the external openings of urethra
• Greater vestibular glands- flank the vagina,
one on each side. Their secretion lubricates the
distal end of vagina during intercourse
• Clitoris- correspond to the male penis.
Composed of erectile tissue that become
swollen with blood during sexual excitement
OOGENESIS AND THE OVARIAN CYCLE
• The total supply of eggs that a female can
release is already determined by the time she is
born
• The ability to release eggs usually begins in
puberty and ends in her fifties or before
(menopause)
• Process that concerned producing female
gametes or sex cells
• Cyclic changes that the endometrium, or mucosa
of the uterus goes through month after month as
it responds to change levels of ovarian
hormones in the blood
• Estrogen and progesterone are being regulated
by Pituitary Gonadotropic hormones, FSH and
LH
• Female cycles are about 28 days long. But
ovulation typically occurring midway cycle, on
or about day 14
• Days 1-5: Menstrual phase. The superficial
functional layer the thick endometrial lining of
the uterus is being detached. Accompanied by
bleeding for 3 to 5 days. The average blood
loss during this period is 50 to 150ml. By day
5, ovarian follicles are beginning to produce
more estrogen
• Day 6-14: Proliferative phase. Rising estrogen
levels and regeneration of functional layer and
blood supply is increased. Ovulation occurs at
the very end of this stage
• Day 15-28: Secretory phase. Rising levels of
progesterone production. Increase the blood
supply even more. Progesterone also causes the
endometrial glands to increase in size and
begin secreting nutrients into uterine cavity
• Ovaries produce two groups of steroids
hormones:
• ESTROGEN
- Stimulate the development of the
secondary sex characteristics in females
1. Enlargement of the accessory
organs of the female reproductive system
2. Development of the breasts
 3. Appearance of axillary and pubic
hair
4. Beginning of menses, or the
menstrual cycle

- Prepare the breast to produce milk

(lactation)
 • PROGESTERONE
- produced by the glandular corpus
luteum
- acts with estrogen to bring about
the menstrual cycle
- helps prepare breast tissue for
lactation
• Biological role of mammary glands is to
produce milk to nourish a newborn baby
• Cleavage- early stage of embryonic
development
- provides a large number of cells to
serve as building blocks for constructing the
embryo
• Pregnancy- period from conception to the birth
of her baby
• ANATOMICAL CHANGES
• PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
• Oestrogen
• Progesterone
• B hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
• Human placental lactogen (hPL)
• Gastrointestinal System
• Urinary System
• Respiratory System
• Cardiovascular System
• Esophageal relaxation
• Increase in intra abdominal pressure
• Reduced bowel motility
• Increase in renal blood flow (40%)
• Increase kidney size
• Urethra dilatation
• Diaphragmatic breathing
• Relative hyperventilation
• Increase in tidal volume
• Increase in cardiac output (HR × SV)
• Decrease in systemic vascular resistance
• Decrease in blood pressure
INITIATION OF LABOR
• Braxton Hicks contractions - weak, irregular
uterine contractions

• Oxytocin
• Prostaglandins
STAGE 1: DILATION STAGE
STAGE 2: EXPULSION STAGE
STAGE 3: PLACENTAL STAGE
 THANK YOU!

PRESENTED BY:
Santos, Xyllyne Allyah
del Rosario, Erika Soriano
Pamonag, Ferlyn
Dimaano, Michaela