ENGINEERING MATERIALS ІІ

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

• Ref. 2 (Cap. 15)

• Ref. 4 (Cap. 7)
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Tiles requirement:
 Ultra Lightweight
 High temperature resistance
 High thermal shock resistance
 Low conduction of heat
 High emissivity
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Density

Factors influence density

 The size and atomic weight of the elements

ZrO2: 5.83 g/cm3 HfO2: 10.11 g/cm3

 The tightness of packing of the atoms in the crystal structure

Diamond: 3.52 g/cm3 Graphite: 2.27 g/cm3

 The amount of porosity in the microstructure

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Density

Crystallographic density

It is calculated by dividing the mass of unit cell of a material by the

volume of the unit cell.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Density

Bulk density

It is calculated by dividing the mass of a material by the bulk

volume.

Measurement methods

• Geometrical method

• Archimedes method
Pycnometer
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Density

Theoritical density

Density of ceramic without porosity.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Porosity
Pores represent the most important defect in
polycrystalline ceramics.
%porosity = 100% - %TD
THERMAL PROPERTIES
• Heat capasity (C, cal/g. ºC)
The quantity of heat requiered to increase the temperature of a substance
one degree.

 Porosity.
THERMAL PROPERTIES

• Thermal condutivity ( 𝒌 = 𝒄𝝂λ ) /

The rate of heat flow through a material.

C: heat capacity
ν: velociy of carriers (Phonons & electrons)
λ: the mean free path

Organic materials: 0.08 to 0.33 W/m.K

Copper: 401 W/m.K
Diamond: 900 W/m.K
THERMAL CONDUTIVITY
THERMAL CONDUTIVITY
THERMAL CONDUTIVITY
 THERMAL EXPANSION
The change in dimentions as the temperature is changed
 THERMAL EXPANSION
Factors influencing thermal expansion

 Chemical bonds

 Crystal structure
ELECTRICAL AND IONIC
CONDUCTIVITY
 SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL (SOFC)

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an energy conversion device that produces
electricity and heat by electrochemically combining a fuel and an oxidant across
an ionic conducting oxide electrolyte.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 2010

ELECTROLYTE

Requirements
 High ionic conductivity
 Neglegible electronic conductivity International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 2010

 Gas-tightness
 Chemical stability in reducing & oxidizing atmosphere
 Mechanical stability
 Economic aspects
ZIRCONIA ELECTROLYTES
 ANODE
Requirements
 Good chemical and thermal stability during
fuel cell fabrication and operation.
 High electronic conductivity under fuel cell
operating conditions.
 Excellent catalytic activity toward the oxidation
of fuels.
 Manageable mismatch in coefficient of thermal
expansion (CTE) with adjacent cell components.
 sufficient mechanical strength and flexibility.
 Tolerance to carbon deposition, sulfur poisoning, and reoxidation.
 Low cost.
CERMET MATERIALS

As an alternative to a single-phase metallic electrode material, the

accepted compromise has been the use of a porous composite of
metal and ceramic, a ‘cermet’.

Metal phase
 provides the required electronic conductivity.

Ceramic phase:
 Lowers the coefficient of thermal expansion for the anode to match
that of the electrolyte
 Prevents the metal phase from coarsening
 Offers a conduction path for oxide ions and thus may extend the
active zones for anode reactions.
Ni-YSZ
Advantages of Nickel
 Good chemical stability
 Excellent catalytic activity toward hydrogen oxidation and reforming of
hydrocarbon fuels.
 Low cost

Functions of the YSZ particles:

 Supply oxide ions to the TPBs
 Suppress the sintering of Ni particles
 Match the thermal expansion coefficients between the cermet and the
YSZ electrolyte
 CATHODE

Requirements
 high electrical conductivity
 high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction
 compatibility with other cell components
LANTHANUM COBALTITE AND FERRITE PEROVSKITES

La1−xSrxFe1−yCoyO3 (LSCF) 0<x≤0.5 0<y≤0.8

 Superior mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (MIEC) behaviour.

 Enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics.

La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d IT and LT-SOFC (500-800 ºC) applications

MATERIALS FOR SMART SYSTEMS
Systems that incorporate particular functions of sensing and actuation to
perform smart actions in an ingenious way.

The materials can be classified according to the type of input driving force.
 ELECTROMECHANICAL COUPLING
Mechanical deformation can be induced by an application of an electric field
loading.

• Electrostriction

 The electrically induced deformation

effect is called electrostriction.

 Electrostriction is a general property of all

dielectric materials.

 For a dielectric material, as a

consequence of an electric field, the
centres of positive and negative charges
will be separated, leading to the
occurrence of a polarization.
ELECTROMECHANICAL COUPLING
MICROSTRUCTURE REASON OF
PIEZOELECTRICITY
The lack of a centre of symmetry means that a net movement of the positive and
negative ions with respect to each other as a result of stress produces an electric
dipole, whereas, for the centro-symmetric crystals, the centres of charges of
different polarity will still coincide even after the stress inducing a deformation.
DOMAINS AND DOMAIN WALLS
The cubic state, which exhibits no spontaneous polarisation, is called paraelectric
phase and has no piezoelectricity.
DOMAINS AND DOMAIN WALLS
 DOMAINS AND DOMAIN WALLS
Within a ferroelectric single crystal, the homogenous areas with the same
spontaneous polarisation orientation are referred to as domains, with domain
walls existing between areas of unlike polarisation orientation.