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Phonetics & Phonology
 Phonetics

“
• The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means s
cientific or systematic study of something. So we can s
ay that Phonetics means scientific or system a study of
human speech sounds.

“
• Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds
and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
Branches of Phonetics
01 Articulatory Phonetics
(How sounds are produced?)

02 Auditory Phonetics
(How sounds are received?)

03 Acoustic Phonetics
(How sounds are transmitted?)

04
Articulatory Acoustic Auditory
 Articulatory Phonetics
• It is concerned with the positions and move
ments of the lips, tongue, and other speech
organs in producing speech. It analyses ho
w the various speech sounds are articulate
d by vocal organs.
 Lips

Glottis Teeth

Organs
Uvula of Tongue
Speech

Alveolar
Velum
Ridge
Hard
Palate
 • The upper lip and lower lip help to produce bilabial sounds /p,b,m/. The sound produce in that position are
Lips bilabial stops : if the lips are held together, they produce different vowel.

• Teeth The tip of the tongue help to produce /t,d,z, ect/. The blade of the tongue help to produce /tʃ,dʒ,ʃ, ect/. The
Teeth front of the tongue help to produce palatal sound /j/ and the back of the tongue helps to produce /k,g/ sounds.

• With its wide variety of possible movements, its assists in forming the sound of speech.
Tongue

Alveolar
• Hard ridge behind upper from teeth. Its between the roof of the mouth and upper teeth
Ridge

• Also known as the roof of the mouth (you)

Palatal

• Velum The soft palate is movable, consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous membrane. It is responsible
Velum for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing, and also for closing off the airway.

• Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in
Uvula the mouth than velar consonants

04
• Glottis It assist forming the buzzing sounds (g,ng,j)
Glottis
Sound Produce
Voiced , sound produce when the vocal
folds are vibrating.
Ex: saying long ‘v’

Voiceless, sound produce when the vocal

folds apart :
Ex : saying long ‘f ’

04
 Vocal Tract

• Oral tract
Vocal tract

The airstream going out trough the mouth as in [v] or [z]

• Nasal tract
The air stream going out trough mouth as in[m] [n]
Transcribing Sound
The Sound of language
a. Consonant
• Consonant have three basic
features in articulation : Place
of articulation, manner
articulation, voicing.

b. Vowels
• Cardinal vowels
• English Vowels.
 Consonant
Place of Manner of
Voicing
Articulation articulation
Bilabial Voiced
Stop
Labiodental
Dental Fricative Voiceless
Alveolar
Affricate
Alveo-palatal
Palatal Nasal
Velar
glottal Liquid
 Vowels
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two
principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant

• A cardinal vowel is
Cardinal a vowel sound produced
vowel when the tongue is in an
extreme position, either
front or back, high or low.
• English have two kind of
English
vowels : monophthong and
vowels
also diphthong
 Cardinal vowels
Highest tongue positions of car Highest tongue positions of cardi
dinal front vowels
nal back vowels

MONOPTHONG:
It occurs when there is one vowel
sound in a syllable,
•Here, vowel is spoken with
exactly one tone & one mouth
position.
•All ‘e' sounds are monophthongs.
DIPHTHONG:
It occurs when there are two vowel
sounds in a syllable or two vowel
sounds that are “connected” or
“linked” to each other.
•Here, the mouth moves in two
different positions to make the
vowel sound.
•Combination of 2 Monophthongs.
•List:
•[i:], [i],[e],[æ], [a:], [o:], [o], [u:], [yu:], [u],[ər],
[ə]
•Examples:
•four [o:] - 1 mouth movement
•burn [ər] - 1 mouth movement
•Teeth [ ee] - long vowel sound monophtong
•funny [ʌ & i ] - 2 monophthongs
•Simply: a monophthong is a single vowel and
a diphthong is a double vowel.
•Examples:
•bay [ei] - combined vowel sound
•mail [ai] - combined vowel sound
 Acoustic Phonetics

This branch of phonetics is concerned

with the properties of sound waves.

It studies the physical properties of

speech sounds as transmitted between
the mouth and ear.
 One way we can analyze the acoustic properties of speech sounds is thr
ough looking at a waveform. Pressure changes can be plotted on a waveform, w
hich highlights the air particles being compressed and rarefied, creating sound wa
ves that spread outwards. A tuning fork being struck can provide an example of th
e pressure fluctuations in the air and how the air particles oscillate (move in one di
rection rhythmically) when we perceive sound.
 Some acoustic analysis…
Sine Waves Periodic vs
Frequency vs
vs Complex Aperiodic Spectrograms
Amplitude
Waves sound waves

Transients vs
Voicing on a
Continuous
spectrogram
sounds
 • Auditory Phonetics is the study of
hearing and the perception of speech
sounds.
Auditory • It is concerned with speech perception,
Phonetics principally how the brain forms
perceptual representations of the input
it receives. Basically, it focus
on listener´s ear and listener´s brain.
The ear is divided into three different parts:
The Ear

Middle
Outer ear Inner ear
ear
The ear is divided into three different parts:
Phonology
Phonology is a broader study of major
speech sounds and their organization in a
particular language.

Phonology is the study of the sound

system of particulars human languages,
include dialects and other language
varieties.

04
 Phoneme
• According to Trask (1996:264) Phoneme is define
as the smallest unit which can make a difference
You canmeaning
simply impress your You can simply impress your
• Hayman
audience : (1975:59)
and add a unique zing and defines the phoneme asand‘aadd a unique zing and
audience
appeal to your Presentations. appeal to your Presentations.
minimal unit of sound capable of distinguishing
words
Your Text Hereof different meaning. Thus, bothYour /t/ and
Text /d/
Herein
You canEnglish because
simply impress your they are able to makeYou
a can
meaning
simply impress your
difference, As in the word ‘ten’ and ‘den’.
audience and add a unique zing and audience and add a unique zing and
appeal to your Presentations. appeal to your Presentations.

Allophones
Your Text Here Your Text Here
You can simply impress your You can simply impress your
• Where
audience and add atwo orzing
unique more
and sounds represent the same
audience and add a unique zing and
underlying
appeal to phoneme.
your Presentations. appeal to your Presentations.
 Phonological Process.
Assimilation
• Is modification of sound in order to make it more similar to some other sound in its neighborhood.
• The advantage having assimilation is that it results in smoother , more effortless, more economical transition from one sound to another.
• Ex :/ˈhændˌbæɡ/) is often pronounced /ˈhæmbæɡ/ in rapid speech
Dissimilation
• phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar
• For example, when a /r/ sound occurs before another in the middle
• as in "beserk" for berserk, "suprise" for surprise, "paticular" for particular, and "govenor" for governor
Deletion
• deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase.
• Ex : pon my word (from upon) , way cool (away) , family (famli), history → histry,
• Left behind → [lefbihaind] ,
Insertion
• When an extra sound is added between two others
• Insertion at the beginning is observed in Spanish, where the language does not
• permit onset clusters. Words that are inherited from Latin with such clusters changed
• to have an initial /e/ inserted
• especial [espesial] ‘special’ estudiante [estudiante] ‘student’ escuela [eskwela] ‘school’
Metathesis
• Phonological process that changes the order of phonemes
• For ex : the word ask is pronounce as [aks] , but the word asking is pronounced [askin].. In this dialects a metathesis rule swithes the /s/
and /k/ in certain contexts.
 Phonotactics.
• Phonotactics is a branch of Phonology that deals with
combining sound or phonemes into syllables or word.

• Syllable are phonological units consisting of one or m

ore sounds and are made up of nucleus with an onset
and coda.
Dealing with the syllable, there are some basic
internal segmental structure as follows:

01
The onset is the optional sound or
ONSET sounds occurring before the
nucleus
02

The nucleus is obligatory, usually

NUCLEUS the vowel in the middle of a
03
syllable

04
CODA The coda is the optional sound or
sounds that follow the nucleus.
 Syllable

Onset
You can simply impress your Nucleus
audience and add a unique zing and
appeal to your Presentations.
Coda
You can simply impress your
Syllable structure
audience and add a unique zing and
appeal to your Presentations.

Your Text Here

You can simply impress yourPhonotactic
C V C and add a unique zing and
audience
appeal to your Presentations.
C A T
Your Text Here Your Text Here
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Thus, in the word cat /kæt/, for example, /k/ is
theaudience
onset,and/æ/add is the zing and
a unique
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nucleus, and /t/ is the coda.
Difference Between Phonetics & Phonology
The difference between Phonetics & Phonology is that of
generality and particularity.

Phonetics
You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique zing and
Phonology
You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique zing and
appeal to your Presentations. appeal to your Presentations.

Your Text Here Your Text Here

You can simply impress your You can simply impress your
Phonetics
audience and add deals
a uniquewith
zing and audience and add a unique zing and
Phonology deals with the
appeal to your Presentations.
production, transmission appeal to your Presentations.
ways the sounds are
and reception of all human organized
Your Text Here
speech in general with no YourinText
a particular
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You particular
can simply impress
language . It is sub-category
reference
your to any You can simply impress your
of phonetics.
audience and add
one language a unique zing and audience and add a unique zing and
appeal to your Presentations. appeal to your Presentations.