RC18-4703

RUNWAY DESIGN
Airport Design and Planning Chapter : Ir. Ervina Ahyudanari, ME, PhD
Email: ervinaa.ariatedja@gmail.com
Mobile: +6281330607601
REVIEW : Basic Airfield Layout
REVIEW
Approach Zone Detail

Runway Longitudial Profile

See and Learn more : https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-430-00-2/Ch11.htm

AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT - Takeoff
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT - Take off

Ground roll Maneuver Climb

10.70 m

V=0 V1 Vlof V2

Sg Sa

Take off process is a normal take off (all engines are operated)
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT - Takeoff
The Takeoff Distance (TOD) should be 115% longer than demonstrated Distance
to Clear an 11 m (35 ft) obstacle (D35)
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT - Takeoff
Determine Takeoff Distance (TOD)
We have to know : To get informations of :

Aircraft - Mass
- Jet Engine Characteristics
Type
So we can determine :

- Altitude - TOD
Air Density - Air temperature
- Water vapour content
- Speed
- Loading Area

Wind - Along track wind component

- Across track wind component
Component
Correction of Runway Length
RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Runway Orientation
• Runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing winds.
• Aircraft may not maneuver safely on a runway when the wind contains a large
component at right angles to the direction of travel.
• The point at which this component (called the crosswind) becomes excessive will
depend upon the size and operating characteristics of the aircraft.

11
Wind Direction Indicator
Consideration:
• The following factors should be considered in locating and orienting a runway :
Wind
Wind
Airspace
Airspace Availability
Availability
Environtmental
Environtmental Factors
Factors (noise,
(noise, air
air and
and water
water quality)
quality)

Obstruction
Obstruction to
to navigation
navigation
Air
Air traffic
traffic control
control visibility
visibility

Wildlife
Wildlife Hazards
Hazards

Read Chapter 2 of FAA AC/150-5300-13 for more information about each topic
Runway orientation and wind

• The orientation of the runway is an

important consideration in airport
planning and design.
• The goal of defining runway
orientation is to maximize the
possible use of runway throughout
the year accounting for a wide
variety of wind conditions.
Runway orientation and wind

• FAA and ICAO regulations establish

rules about runway orientation and
their expected coverage.
• Ideally, all aircraft operations on a
runway should be conducted
against the wind.
• Unfortunately, wind conditions
vary from hour to hour thus
requiring a careful examination of
prevailing wind conditions at the
airport site.
Wind Component
Wind Component : Head Wind
Wind Component : Headwind
Wind flow = Headwind

Headwind heading = Aircraft heading

The angle shall be :

(sumber : IVAO, 2015)

Wind Component : Tail Wind
Tailwind

Wind flow = Tailwind

(sumber : IVAO, 2015)

Explanation about tailwind allowance
Reasons for tailwind allowance
Wind Component : Cross Wind
Wind Component : Cross Wind

All aircraft have maximum demonstrated cross wind component (usually specified in
the flight manual).

Figure of Crosswind landing

Wind Component : Cross Wind
Cross Wind Table
Sample cross wind component
Tips : Watch PILOT EYE.tv on .
Design criteria (FAA and ICAO)
 FAA crosswind design criteria
• Recognizing that each aircraft has
unique maximum demonstrated
crosswind characteristics the FAA
(and ICAO as well) set a low value for
crosswind design criteria.
| ICAO crosswind design criteria
• Similar to the FAA criteria in many
ways. However ICAO has two
aerodrome classification
Demonstrated wind condition

• Each aircraft has a uniquely stated maximum crosswind

component (derived from flight test experiments)
• A Boeing 727-200 (approach group C)
has a maximum demonstrated wind component of 35 knots
• A Cessna 172 (single engine aircraft falling in approach speed group A)
has maximum demonstrated crosswind component of 17 knots
• The challenge for the designer is to accommodate all of the aircraft using the
facility in a reliable and reasonable manner
Wind Pattern

Reporting wind condition

Wind is reported on an azimuthal

basis as shown :
WIND ROSE ANALYSIS
High velocity of wind will determine the runway location
 Wind Rose Analysis
• The convention for numbering runways is to provide a runway designation number
which is the azimuth of the runway in degrees from magnetic north divided by ten.
• A graphical procedure utilizing the “wind rose” is typically used to determine the
“best” runway orientation insofar as prevailing winds are concerned.
• There are different ways using two types of the wind rose diagram, Type I and Type II
• Type I  Showing direction and duration of wind.
• Type II  Showing direction, duration and intensity of wind.
Wind Rose – Type I

Best direction of
runway is indicated
along the direction
of the longest line
on the wind rose
diagram

• It is based on direction and duration of wind

• Minimum eight directions are taken but optimum is 16 directions
• Data includes total percentage of time in each direction
• Concentric circles are drawn to scale according to the percentage of time wind is blowing in a direction
• Total percentage in each direction is marked on the radial line drawn in that direction
Wind Rose – Type II

• Transparent rectangular template of

• length greater
It is based than the
on direction, diameter
duration and of the
diagram and
intensity of windwidth equal to twice of
• allowable
Concentriccross
circleswind
are drawn to scale is made
component
according to the wind velocity
• The influence of wind is assumed to
• Wind
spreadrose
at andiagram is fixed
angle of 22,4 0 in ain position and
direction
• the template
Radial is center,
line, from placedare above
drawnitup
such
to that
mid point of two directions and 64 parts
center of template coincides with center
• Categorized duration is marked in the
ofrelated
diagram.
cell The center line of template
should pass through a direction

Sumber : http://textofvideo.nptel.ac.in/105107123/lec31.pdf
Example of Windrose
Wind Rose - Data
Wind isThe overallinvalue
blowing comes out
the direction to be 88%, it means
North Whereas
for 88%1,4%
timeof the time
period, the period
speed it
of was
and forthe wind
4,6% of has
the been more than
time period it has6 km/h. moving within a range 15 to 30 km/h
been Whereas for the rest
moving with of the
velocity anditfor
12% of the time period,
range has0,10%
been of
lessthe time
than period, it was
6km/h.
between 6-15 km/h
Therefore, the calm period is 12% moving in a range of 30-50 km/h

Percentage of Time
Wind
Total
Direction 6-15 km/hr 15-30 km/hr 30-50 km/hr So, If you look
N 4,6 1,4 0,10 6,10 at his diagram
NNE 3,4 0,75 0,00 1,15 the maximum
NE 1,8 0,03 0,10 1,93 is 6,10 and say
ENE 2,8 0,02 0,03 2,85
the minimum
E 2,1 2,2 0,00 4,3
| | | | | is 1,15
| | | | |
Total 66,4 21,14 0,46 88,00
Windrose - Step by Step
Windrose - Step by Step
1. Place the template on the wind rose so that the middle line passes through
the center of the wind rose.

0,0
0,1
0,4

8,1
Windrose - Step by Step

2. Using the center of the wind rose as a pivot, rotate

the template until the sum of the percentages
between the outside lines is a maximum.
Windrose - Step by Step

3. Read the true bearing for the runway on the outer scale of the wind rose beneath
the centerline of the template.
Windrose - Step by Step
4. The sum of percentages between the outside
lines indicates the percentage of time that a 6.2%
runway with the proposed orientation will
conform to crosswind standards.

90,8%
RUNWAY DESIGNATION
Runway Designation

Crosswind component

Runway
Runway
orientation is at centerline
2000 direction
Runway Markings
Runway Lighting
| Night view of Runway
Questions
• What are the designation of those runways?
• How do we determine the width of the
transparent template?
Useful link

• www.noaa.gov
• www.iastate.edu

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goLqJp2g87c
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NUjHBNWe9M
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42jZxxFo3tw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WzNVlcWQkE
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