1.

1 Electricity

Electricity, simply put, is the flow of electric current along a conductor. This electric current takes the
form of free electrons which transfer from one atom to the next. Thus, the more free electrons a material
has, the better it conducts. There are three parameters involved in the electrical equation: the volt, the
ampere, and the ohm.

Ampere: When charge of 1 coulomb passes through a point in 1

seconds, it is said that a current of 1 Ampere is flowing.
Ampere= Coulomb/Second
Potential Difference: Work/energy Required to be done to move unit charge from
one point to another in the circuit is called voltage or potential difference Voltage or
Potential Difference= W/Q = Work/Charge
• Conductors: Material which allow the current to flow easily through them are
called Conductors.
• Insulator: Material which greatly oppose the current flow i.e do not allow the
current to pass through it are called Insulators.
CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
OHMS LAW(Georg Simon Ohm)
 Ohm's law states that the current
through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the
potential difference voltage across the
two points, and inversely proportional
to the resistance between them
where
I =current through the conductor in
units of amperes
V =potential difference measured
across the conductor in units of volts
R =resistance of the conductor in units
of ohms.
• More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this
relation is constant, independent of the current.
• V=I*R
– For a constant resistance, if the current increases, the
voltage increases at the same rate
•I=V/R
– For a constant resistance, if the voltage increases, the
current will increase at the exact same rate
•R=V/I
– For a constant resistance, if the voltage increases, the
current must increase at the exact same rate.
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW (Gustav Kirchhoff)
 Kirchhoff's current law (Ist law)
i1 + i4 = i2 + i3
At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum
of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum
of currents flowing out of that node.
or
The algebraic sum of currents in a network of
conductors meeting at a point is zero
 This law is also called Kirchhoff's point rule, Kirchhoff's
junction rule (or nodal rule), and Kirchhoff's first rule.
 The principle of conservation of electric charge
 Kirchhoff's voltage law (second law)
The directed sum of the electrical potential
differences (voltage) around any closed circuit is
zero.
or
More simply, the sum of the emfs in any closed loop is
equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that
loop.
 This law is also called Kirchhoff's second law,
Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule, and Kirchhoff's
second rule.
 The principle of Conservation of energy
KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
LAW (IST LAW) LAW (SECOND LAW)

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• Conservation of charge • Conservation of energy
• The algebraic sum of all the • The algebraic sum of all the
currents at any node in a circuit voltages around any closed path
equals zero. in a circuit equals zero.
 BASIC LAWS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
 Current is the rate of flow of charge through a conductor.
 Electron flow is from a lower potential (voltage) to a higher
potential (voltage).
 When electrons move together in a unified way we say there
is an electric current flowing.
 Movement of the electrons physically from one place to
another is slow. Transfer of the energy from one electron to
another happens fast.
 Conventional Current : Direction of flow of positive (+)
charges
 Electron Current : Opposite to that of conventional current

WIRING OF ELECTRICAL DEVICE

Electrical devices can be wired
in three ways:-
 Series circuits
 Parallel circuits
 Complex circuits
SERIES CIRCUITS

An electrical circuit with only one path for the electrical current to flow.
 In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same and the
voltage across the components is the sum of the voltages across each component
 In the diagram, current (I) with voltage (V) is flowing through the circuit through V1, V2
and V3
 Switch (S) is used to control the current in the circuit
 Total current= I total voltage V= V1+V2+V3
 Wiring lamps is not practical, if one burns out, all would go out and one wouldn't know
which one to replace.
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
 An electrical circuit that provides more than one path for the electrical current to follow.
 In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total
current is the sum of the currents through each component.
 Generally used in residential installations.
 Every thing except fuses, circuit breakers and main switch are wired in parallel circuit
 If one lamp burns out, the circuit will continue to operate.
 A burn out lamp would be easy to locate since other would be working
 Current in each branch depends on resistance of load.
 Supply of current should be large.

COMPLEX CIRCUITS
 The complex
circuit is the
combination of
series and parallel
circuit
 It is not used in
residential wiring
POWER AND ENERGY
Power - the rate of energy conversion
 Units: Watts
 Equation: p=iv
Resistors convert electrical energy into
heat energy.
 p = iv Power delivered by a battery
 p = -iv Power dissipated by a resistor