Team Teaching

Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2010
•A beam is a structural member that is subjected primarily to
transverse loads and negligible axial loads.

•The transverse loads cause internal shear forces and bending

moments in the beams w P

V(x)

M(x)
Beam & Plate Girder

tw h tw h

Rolled shape and built-up cross-sections

h 2550 Beams

tw Fy

h 2550
 Plate girder
tw Fy

where Fy is yield stress, MPa

For beams, the basic relationship between load effects and strength can be
written as

M u  b .M n
where

Mu= controlling combination of factored load moments

b= resistance factor for beams =0.90
Mn= nominal moment strength

The design strength b. Mn is sometimes called the design moment.

The bending stress at a given point can be found from the
flexure formula:

M .y
fb 
Ix

where M = bending moment at the cross section

y = perpendicular distance from the neutral plane to
the point of interest,
Ix = the moment of inertia of the area of the cross
section with respect to the neutral axis.
A B

M (a)
RA V

c
y
x tw h x M

(b)
For maximum stress,
M .c M M
f max   
Ix Ix Sx
c
where c is the perpendicular distance from thr neutral axis to the extreme
fiber,
Sx is the elastic section modulus of the cross section.

The two above equation are valid as long as loads are small enough so that
the material remains within its linear elastic range.

For structural steel if the maximum stress, this means that fmax must not
exceed Fy, and the bending moment must not exceed
M y  Fy .S x
A B

Bending Moment
f<Fy

A B
(a) f=Fy

A B
(b) f=Fy

A B
(c) f=Fy

A B
(d)
A B
Moment
Mp

A B
 Fy
C
=Ac.Fy

a
h
tw Plastic neutral axis

T=At.Fy
Fy
From equilibrium of forces, C T
Ac .Fy  At .Fy
Ac  At
The plastic moment Mp is the resisting couple formed by the two
equal and opposite forces:

where
A= total cross-sectional area, mm2
a= distance between the centroids of the half-areas, mm
Z=(A/2)a= plastic section modulus, mm3
If a beam can be counted on to remain stable up to the fully plastic
conditions, the nominal moment strength can be taken as the plastic moment
capacity; that is,

Mn  M p
Otherwise, Mn will be less than Mp.

As with a compression member, instability can be overall sense or it can be

local.
A B

Bending Moment

A B

(a)

(b)
Overall buckling is illustrated in Figure 6.7a. When a beam bends, the
compression region (above the neutral axis) is analogous to a column and,
in a manner similar to a column, will be buckle if the beam is slender
enough. The buckling of the compression portion of the cross section is
restrained by tension portion, and the outward deflection (flexural
buckling) is accompanied by twisting (torsion). This form of instability is
called lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).

Lateral-torsional buckling can be prevented by lateral bracing of

compression zone, preferable the compression flange, at sufficiently close
intervals as shown in Figure 6.7b. As we shall see, the moment strength
depends in part on the unbraced length, which is distance between point of
lateral support.
 (a)

M
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purdue univ\beam
buckling.mpg
(b)

M
Whether the beam can sustain a moment large enough to bring it to
the fully plastic condition also depends on whether the cross-
sectional integrity is maintained . This integrity will lost if one of
the compression elements of the cross section buckles. This can be
either buckling of compression flange, called flange local buckling
(FLB), or buckling of compression part of the web, called web
local buckling (WLB). This buckling strength will depend on the
width-thickness ratio of the compression elements of the cross
section.

..\hasil download
purdue univ\local
buckling.mpg
 Load C
L
5 A B

Bending Moment
4
First 3 A B

yield 2 (a)
1

(b)
C
LDeflection
Curve 1: Beam unstable before first yield;
Curve 2: Beam can be loaded past first yield but not far enough
for formation a plastic hinge and the resulting plastic collapse;
Curve 3: Beam can be loaded past first yield but not far enough
for formation a plastic hinge and the resulting plastic collapse;
Curve 4: Beam can be loaded reached plastic collapse, uniform
moment over full length of beam;
Curve 5: Beam can be loaded reached plastic collapse, variable
bending moment (gradient moment) over full length of beam
 Table 6.1 Width-Thickness Parameters(*)

Element  p r

bf 170 370
Flange 2t f Fy Fy  70

h 640 970
Web tw Fy Fy
_____________________________________________________________________
•For hot-rolled I- and H-shapes
•Fy dalam MPa
  p Compact shape

p    r Noncompact shape

  r Slender shape
 A beam an fail by reaching Mp and becoming fully plastic, or it can be fail
by buckling in one of the following ways:

1. Lateral torsional buckling (LTB), either elastically or inelastically;

2. Flange local buckling (FLB), elastically or inelastically;
3. Web local buckling (WLB) elastically or inelastically.

If the maximum bending stress is less than the proportional limit when
buckling occurs, the failure said to be elastic. Otherwise, it is inelastic.
For compact beams, laterally supported, AISC F1.1 gives the nominal
strength as

Mn  M p (AISC Equation F1-1)

where
M p  Fy .Z  1.5M y

The limit of 1.5My for Mp is to prevent excessive load deformations

and is satisfied when
Z
Fy .Z  1.5Fy .S or  1.5
S
The moment strength of compact shape is a function of the unbraced length
Lb, defined as distance between points of lateral support, or bracing., as shown
in the Figure 6.10.

Lb
B

Lb
A B
 Mn

Mp
Compact
shapes
Mr

No Inelastic Elastic Lb
Instability LTB LTB
 Lateral -Torsional Buckling
Lb  L p Mn  M p No instability

Lb  L p
L p  Lb  Lr M n  Cb [ M p  ( M p  M r )( )] Inelastic LTB
Lr  L p

  .E
Lb  Lr M n  Cb E.I y .G.J  ( ) 2 .I y .Cw Elastic LTB
Lb Lb
where
Lb= unbraced length (mm)
G= shear modulus = 80,000 MPa for structural steel
J= torsional constant (mm4)
Cw= warping constant (mm6).
Mr  ( Fy  Fr ) Sx
The boundary between elastic and inelastic buckling:
ry. X 1
Lr  1  1  X 2 ( Fy  Fr ) 2
( Fy  Fr )
 E.G.J . A
X1 
Sx 2
4Cw S x 2
X2  ( )
I y G.J
The boundary inelastic stability:
787ry
Lp 
Fy
Bending coefficient Cb:
12.5M max
Cb 
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C
Mmax= absolute value of the maximum moment within the unbraced length (including the end
point points), N-mm
MA= absolute value of the moment at the quarter point of the unbraced length, N -mm
MB = absolute value of the moment at the midpoint of the unbraced length, N-mm
MC= absolute value of the moment at the three-quarter point of the unbraced length, N-mm
 Lb=L Lb=L/2
Cb=1.14 Cb=1.30
(a) (b)

L/2 B
Lb=L/2
Lb=L Cb=1.67
Cb=1.32
(c) (d)
M1 M2=M1 B C

Lb=L a a
Cb=2.27
ABand CD: Cb=1.67
(e) Bc: Cb=1.00
Lateral restraint (f)
If ,  p    r for the flange is non compact, buckling will be inelastic, and:
  p
M n  M p  (M p  M r )( )
r   p
bf

2t f
170
p 
Fy
370
r 
Fy  Fr

M r  ( Fy  Fr ) S x
Fr  residual  stress  70 MPa for rolled shapes.
The shear strength of a beam must be sufficient to satisfy the relationship
Vu  v .Vn

where Vu = maximum shear based on the controlling combination of factored

loads, N
v = resistance factor for shear = 0.90
Vn = Nominal shear strength, N

(a)
x

L
V
(b)

M (c)
V

fv (d)
The shearing stress is given by:
V .Q
fv 
I .t
where fv = vertical and horizontal shearing stress at the point of
interest
V = Vertical shear force at the section under consideration
Q = first moment, about neutral axis
I = moment of inertia about neutral axis
t = width of the cross section at the point of interest.
tf

y fv=VQ/It
d h
tw

V/Aw fv
And the nominal strength corresponding to this limit state is
Vn  0.60Fy . Aw

This will be the nominal shear strength provided there is no shear buckling
of the web, for

h / t w  1100 Fy

Where
Aw= area of the web = d.tw, mm2
d = overall depth of the beam, mm
For , h / t w  1100 Fy there is no web instability, and
Vn  0.60 Fy . Aw

For , 1100 Fy  h t w  1370 Fy inelastic web buckling can occur, and

1100 Fy
Vn  0,60 Fy . Aw
h tw
For , 1370 Fy  h t w  260 the limit state is elastic web buckling:

904,000 Aw
Vn 
(h t w ) 2

where
Aw= area of the web =d.tw, mm2
d = overall depth of the beam, mm
 Vn
1100 Fy
0.60Fy.Aw 0.60Fy.Aw-----------
h/tw

904000Aw
(h/tw)2

1100 Fy 1370 Fy 260 h/tw

If a coped beam is connected with bolts as in Figure 6.18, there will be a
tendency for segment ABC to tear out. The applied load in this case will be the
vertical beam reactions, so shear will occur along line AB and there will be
tension along BC.

h d
C B tw

Figure 6.18
AISC J4.3, “Block Shear Rupture Strength”, gives two equations for
the block shear design strength:

Rn   [0.60 Fy . Agv  Fu . Ant ] (AISC Equation J4-3a)

Rn   [0.60 Fu . Anv  Fy . Agt ] (AISC Equation J4-3b)

where
  0.75
Agv = gross area in shear (in Figure 6.18, length AB times
the web thickness), mm2
Anv = net area in shear, mm2
Agt =gross area in tension (in Figure 6.18, length BC times
the web thickness), mm
Ant = net area in tension, mm2
In addition to being safe, a structure must be serviceable. A
serviceable structure is one that performs in a satisfactory manner,
not causing any discomfort or perceptions of unsafety for the
occupants or users of the structure. For a beam, this usually means
that the deformations, primarily the vertical sag, or deflection, must
be limited. Excessive deflection is usually an indication of a very
flexible beam, and this can lead to problem with vibrations. The
deflection itself can cause problems if elements attached to the beam
can damaged by small distortions. In addition, users of structure
may view large deflections negatively and wrongly assume that the
structure is unsafe.
For the common case of simply supported, uniformly loaded beam such
as that in Figure 6.20, the maximum vertical deflection is given by

5 w.L4

384 EI

A B 4
5 wL
=
384 EI
L

Figure 6.20 Deflection simply supported beam

Since deflection is a serviceability limit state, not one of strength,

deflection should always be computed with service loads.
 L
300
L
240
L
180
Beam design entails the selection of cross-sectional shape that will have enough strength and
will meet the serviceability requirements. The design procedure can be outlined as follows:

1. Model the structure; define superimposed dead load and live load.
2. Compute the factored load moment Mu. The weight of the beam is part of the dead load
but is unknown at this point. A value may be assumed, or the weight may be ignored
initially and checked after a shape has been selected.
3. Select a shape that satisfies this strength requirement. This can be done in one of two
ways:
a. Assume a shape, compute the design strength, and compare it with the factored load
moment. Revise if necessary. The trial shape can be easily selected in only a limited
number of situations.
b. Use the beam design charts in Part 3 of the manual.
4. Check the shear strength.
5. Check the deflection.
 A B
RA (a)

x tw h x

t
B N
(c)
(b)

Figure 6.32 Type 1 Beam Bearing Plates

 A B
RA

k
N d
N tw

k
R

Figure 6.33 Type 2 bearing plates

 (1) Determine dimension N so that web yielding and
web
crippling are prevented.
(2) Determine dimension B so that the area B x N is
sufficient to prevent the supporting material
from being crushed in bearing.
(3) Determine the thickness t so that the plate has
sufficient bending strength.
Nominal strength for web yielding at the support:
Rn  (2.5k  N ) Fy .t w

At the interior load, the nominal strength:

Rn  (5k  N ) Fy .t w
The design strength is , Rn where   1. 0.
Definition: The web crippling is buckling of the web caused by the
compressive force delivered through the flange.

For an interior load, the nominal strength for web crippling is

  
1.5
 F .t
 N  t
Rn  358t w 1  3  w  
2 y f

  d  t f   t w
 

For a load at or near the support (no greater than half the beam depth from
the end), the nominal strength is
  
1.5
 F .t
 N  t N
Rn  179t w 1  3     0.2
2 w y f
for
  d  t f   t w d
 
or

  
1.5
 F .t
 N  t N
Rn  179t w 1   4  0.2  w    0.2
2 y f
for
  d  t f   t w d
 

The resistance factor for this limit state is   0.75

If the plate covers the full area of the support, the nominal strength
is
Pp  0.85 f c '.A1
If the plate does not cover the full area of the support,

Pp  0.85 f c '.A1 A2 A1
where
A2 A1  2
fc’= 28-day compressive strength of concrete, MPa
A1= bearing area, mm2
A2= full area of support, mm2

If area A2 is not concentric with A1, the A2 should be taken largest

concentric area that is geometrically to A1, as illustrated in Figure 5.34.

The design bearing strength is  c Pp , where c  0.60

The average bearing pressure is treated as a uniform load on the bottom
of the plate, is is assumed to be supported at the top over central width of
2k and length N as in Figure 6.35. The plate is considered to bend about an
axis parallel to the beam span. Thus, the plate is treated as a cantilever of
span length n=(B-2k)/2 and a width of N.

A B
RA

N d tw

t k Figure 6.35
R Bearing Plate
n kk n
B

1"
From Figure 6.36, the maximum bending moment in the plate per 1” width is

Ru n Ru .n 2
Mu  n 
B.N 2 2 B.N
Fy
The nominal moment strength Mn is C=Fy(1x t/2)

 t  t  t2 t a
M p  Fy 1    Fy Plastic neutral axis

 2  2  4 T=Fy(1x t/2)
Fy

b M p  M u
1"
Since
t2 Figure 6.36 Plastic Moment capacity
0.90 Fy .  M u of a rectangular cross section
4
2.222 Ru .n 2
t
B.N .Fy