FENOMENA LIQUIFAKSI DI PADANG

PADA GEMPA SUMATERA BARAT

30 Sept 2009 dan BANDA ACEH 26 Des 2004

TIM TEKNIS
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK PARAHYANGAN BANDUNG
KEGEMPAAN DI INDONESIA BARAT
 KEGEMPAAN DI KOTA PADANG

Gempa Padang
30 September 2009
Kekuatan 7.9 SR (USGS)
GEOLOGI KOTA PADANG
GEOLOGI KOTA PADANG
LOCATIONS OF CPT AND CPTu
CONTOUR OF GROUND WATER LEVEL
 Potensi Likuifaksi
Likuifaksi adalah suatu
proses perubahan kondisi
tanah pasiran yang jenuh
air menjadi cair, akibat
meningkatnya tekanan air
pori (pore water pressure)
yang disebabkan oleh
beban dinamik, sehingga
tegangan efektif tanah
menjadi nol.
Liquefaction site in Padang
TYPICAL CPT TEST RESULT
 TYPICAL CPTu RESULT
Soil Behaviour Type Cone resistance,qc(MPa) Sleeve resistance,fs(MPa) Pore pressure,u2(MPa) Friction ratio,FR(%) Pore pressure ratio,Bq
after Robertson,1986
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3) Clays
1 (3) Clays 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 (7) Sand to silty sand 3 3 3 3 3
<- Depth in m to reference level

(8) Sand to silty sand 4 4 4 4 4

4 (7) Sand to silty sand
5 5 5 5 5 5
6 (8) Sand to silty sand
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7
(8) Sand to silty sand
8 8 8 8 8 8
9 (8) Sand to silty sand 9 9 9 9 9
10 10 10 10 10 10
11 11 11 11 11 11
12 (4) Silty clay to clay 12 12 12 12 12
13 (5) Clayey silt to silty clay
13 13 13 13 13
14 14 14 14 14 14
(5) Clayey silt to silty clay
15 15 15 15 15 15
(5) Clayey silt to silty clay
16 16 16 16 16 16
17 17 17 17 17 17
18 18 18 18 18 18
19 (5) Clayey silt to silty clay 19 19 19 19 19
20 20 20 20 20 20
21 21 21 21 21 21
22 22 22 22 22 22
23 23 23 23 23 23
24 24 24 24 24 24
25 25 25 25 25 25
26 26 26 26 26 26
27 27 27 27 27 27
28 28 28 28 28 28
29 29 29 29 29 29
30 30 30 30 30 30
 GEREJA KATEDRAL

KERUSAKAN TOTAL PADA DINDING DI BELAKANG ALTAR

 GEREJA KATEDRAL
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT  GEJALA LIQUIFAKSI/CYCLIC MOBILITY

Retakan diagonal (akibat differential

settlement) dan amblesan yang
menunjukkan gejala penurunan akibat
cyclic mobility tanah pasiran dibawah
bangunan
 SUSTERAN SCMM ST LEO

Penyembulan lantai, kemungkinan terjadi akibat tekanan air pori pada lapisan pasir
yang mengalami cyclic mobility saat gempa
LIQUIFAKSI MENGAKIBATKAN
SETTLEMENT (amblesan)
SEDALAM 0.5 m
LIQUIFACTION INDUCED
SETTLEMENT
 FLOW LIQOEFACTION

Location:
Jalan Samudera

Type of movement:
LATERAL SPREADING
 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL

 Historical Criteria
 Geological Criteria
 Compositional Criteria
 State Criteria
LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL ANALYSIS BASED ON
CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT)

Shibata & Teparaksa Method (1987)

 PROSEDUR ANALISIS

 Hitung tegangan vertikal total (0) dan efektif (’0)

 Hitung faktor koreksi kedalaman (rd) dengan menggunakan
persamaan :
rd = 1- 0.0015 z (1)
 Hitung rasio tegangan siklik yang terjadi di lapangan dengan
menggunakan formula Tokimatsu dan Yoshimi :
 a 
 0.1 (M - 1) maks 0 rd
 'o g  'o (2)
dimana :
M adalah besaran gempa
amaks = percepatan gempa maksimum di permukaan tanah (g)
 PROSEDUR ANALISIS

 Hitung Faktor koreksi C1

1.7
C1  (3)
0.7   'o

 Hitung koreksi overburden pada tahanan ujung sondir (qc1)

qc1 = C1 x qc (4)

dimana qc adalah harga perlawanan ujung sondir.

 Hitung Faktor Koreksi ukuran butir C2
Untuk D50 > 0.25, C2 = 1
Untuk D50 < 0.25, C2 = D50/0.25
 Hitung rasiontahanan siklik tanah

    (q / C )  50  (5)
   0.1  0.2  c1 2 

 o l
'  250 - (q c1 / C 2 
)

 Hitung Faktor Keamanan (FK).

Jika FK > 1 tidak Likuifaksi, FK < 1 likuifaksi
COMPOSITIONAL CRITERIA
 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION
Liquefaction Analysis (Shibata-Teparaksa Method)

Client : LIPI Geoteknologi - Bandung Date : 12 Juli 2006

Company : LIPI Geoteknologi - Bandung M: 7.5 SR Sounding No. : CPTU-04

Project : Penelitian Liquefaksi Padang a max : 280.0 gal Depth : 29.54 m

Project No. : 4-Depan rumah penduduk Sett total : 28.1 cm GWL : 1 m

Sandy silt to clayey silt
Silty sand to sandy silt
Clayey silt to silty clay

Very stiff fine grained*

Gravelly sand to sand
Sensitive fine grained

Sand to clayey sand*

Sand to silty sand
Organic material

Silty clay to clay

Cone Resistance Friction Sleeve CSR CRR Safety Factor Settlement

(qc) (fs)
2 2
kg/cm kg/cm cm
Sand
Clay

0 50 100 150 200 250 0 0.5 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 1 2 0 10 20 30

0 0 0 0 0 0
28.1

5
5 5 5 5 5

10

10 10 10 10 10

15
Depth (m)

15 15 15 15 15

20

20 20 20 20 20

25

25 25 25 25 25
30

30 35 30 30 30 30
EARTHQUAKE INDUCED SETTLEMENT
 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE

LOCATION OF SOIL TESTINGS

 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE
Client LIPI PROBE No. 4848 Date Coordinate
Company Type Clamping 30-Jul-06 0 0 0

CPTU TESTING
Project
Project No.
PENELITIAN LIQUIFAKSI ACEH
060 / CPTU 10
a
b
0.599
0.012
AT
AS
10 cm
150 cm
2

2
Depth
Predriling
25.28 m
0.5 m
Comments Water table 0 m

u2 (kg/cm2)
qc (kg/cm2)
qc (kg/cm2) fs (kg/cm2)
fs (kg/cm2) FR (%)
FR (%) Bq
uo (kg/cm2)

0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 -2 -1 0 1 2

0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15

16 16 16 16 16

17 17 17 17 17

18 18 18 18 18

19 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 20 20 Soil Classifications (Robertson, 1988)

21 21 21 21 21

22 22 22 22 22

23 23 23 23 23

24 24 24 24 24

25 25 25 25 25

26 26 26 26 26

27 27 27 27 27

28 28 28 28 28

29 29 29 29 29

30 30 30 30 30
 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE

IDENTIFICATION OF LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA

 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE

(SNI 03 - 1726 – 2002)

Ground surface acceleration (g) Amplification Factor

Acceleration
ZONE
in bedrock (g)
Moderate Moderate
Hard Soil Soft Soil Hard Soil Soft Soil
Soil Soil

1 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08 1.33 1.67 2.67

2 0.1 0.12 0.15 0.2 1.20 1.50 2.00

3 0.15 0.18 0.23 0.3 1.20 1.53 2.00

4 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.34 1.20 1.40 1.70

5 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36 1.12 1.28 1.44

6 0.3 0.33 0.36 0.38 1.10 1.20 1.27

Ground surface acceleration : 76.5 gal

 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE

1. Determination of Earthquake Magnitude

2. Cylic Stress Ratio caused by Earthquake
 ave a 
 0.1( M  1) maks o rd
o' g o'
3. Cyclic Shear Resistance (Shibata & Teparaksa, 1987,1988)
    (q / C )  50 
   0.1  0.2  c1 2 
 '
 o l  250 - (q c1 / C 2 
)
 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE

 
  '
 o l
4. Safety Factor FK 
 ave 
  o ' 

Cone Resistance Friction Sleeve CSR CRR Safety Factor Settlem ent
(qc) (fs)
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 cm
0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 10 20 30
0 0 0 0 0
23.7
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9
10 10 10 10 10
11 11 11 11 11
12 12 12 12 12
13 13 13 13 13
14 14 14 14 14
15 15 15 15 15
16 16 16 16 16
17 17 17 17 17
18 18 18 18 18
19 19 19 19 19
20 20 20 20 20
21 21 21 21 21
22 22 22 22 22
23 23 23 23 23
24 24 24 24 24
25 25 25 25 25
26 26 26 26 26
27 27 27 27 27
28 28 28 28 28
29 29 29 29 29
30 30 30 30 30
 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE

Settlement Estimate Ishihara, 1996

 LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA IN BANDA ACEH
DURING THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 EARTHQUAKE

Calculated Settlement Distribution

 Summary
 Soil condition
 CPT & CPTu test result
 The effect of liquefaction & erosion
 Loss of bearing capacity of shallow foundation
 Liquefaction phenomena
BEBAN GEMPA SNI – 1726 ?
AKSELERASI UNTUK DESAIN
 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

• Liquifaksi terjadi di Padang secara luas, baik dalam bentuk

sand blows, settlement, cyclic mobility maupun flow liquifaction

• Kondisi geologi kota Padang memungkinkan terjadinya

liquifaksi sehubungan dengan jenis endapan kwarter terutama
disekitar pantai, sepanjang sungai dan muara  sebaiknya
disiapkan peta zonasi kerentanan liquifaksi di kota Padang

• Penggunaan CPTu cukup efektif untuk menentukan potensi

liquifaksi

•Bangunan-bangunan di Padang perlu mempertimbangkan

resiko liquifaksi dan mungkin untuk bangunan yang ada
sebaiknya dilakukan retrofit baik pada struktur maupun sub-
struktur