Periodic Table

Metals, Non-Metals, Groups and

Periods
 Metals
• Metals are located left of the black line on
the periodic table.

• Metals become cations, they lose

electrons. Positive charge.

• Metals are maleable and ductile and they

are also conductors of heat and electricity.
 Non-Metals
• Located right of the black line on the
periodic table.

• Non-Metals gain electrons and become

negatively charged.

• Not conductors, brittle (if solid), not ductile.

 Metaloids
• Located along the line on the periodic
table.

• Share properties of metals and non-

metals.

• Typically used in electronics.

 Groups
• Group IA has a +1 charge, lose 1 electron.
Also known as the Alkali Metals.
• Soft and white and highly reactive.

• Group IIA has a +2 charge, lose 2

electrons. Also known as the Alkaline
Earth Metals. React easily with the
halogens to form salts.
 More Groups
• Group VIIA has a -1 charge. They gain
one electron. This group is known as the
halogens. Highly reactive, fluorine is one
of the most reactive elements in existence.

• Group VIIIA are known as the Noble

Gases. Full valence electron shell. Non-
reactive. Important for use in welding,
lighting, and space exploration.
 Oxidation-Reduction
• Oxidation is the losing of an electron in a
reaction. Original meaning was combining
with oxygen.

• Reduction is the gaining of an electron in a

reaction. Original meaning was removing
oxygen.

• LEO says GER or OIL RIG

Examples of Oxidation
Examples of Oxidation
Reduction
 Oxidation Characteristics
• Complete loss of electrons

• Shift of electrons away from an atom

• Gain of oxygen

• Increase in oxidation number

 Characteristics of Reduction
• Complete gain of electrons

• Shift of electrons toward an atom

• Loss of oxygen

• Decrease in oxidation number

 Rules for Assigning Oxidation #’s
• 1. Oxidation number of a monatomic ion
is equal to its charge. Ex: Br1- is -1 and
Fe3+ is +3.
• 2. Oxidation number of hydrogen in a
compound is +1, except in metal hydrides
like NaH then it is +1.
• Oxidation number of oxygen in
compounds is -2.
 continued
• 4. The oxidation number of an atom in an
uncombined elemental form is 0.
• 5. For any neutral compound the sum of
the oxidation numbers must equal zero.
• For a polyatomic ion, the sum of the
oxidation numbers must equal the ionic
charge of the ion.
Trends in Atomic Radius
 Octet Rule
• Atoms, gain or lose electrons so they have
8 electrons in their outer shell.

• Think in terms of the Noble Gases.

• Electron configurations will be extremely

important to understand here.
• The s and p sublevels must be full!!!
 Octet Rule
• Na is in Group IA. It becomes Na+.

• Na has 11 electrons, 1 valence electron.

Valence electrons are in the outer most
shell.

• If Na+ has one less electron, it now has 10.

Which element has 10 e? Neon
 Octet Rule
• Magnesium has 12 electrons. It is in
group IIA. Its oxidation number is +2.
• Mg becomes Mg2+
• It loses 2 e- and now has 10 electrons, it
has 8 valence electrons, just like neon.
• Mg2+ electron configuration is:
• 1s2 2s2 2p6
• Neon’s configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6
 Octet Rule
• Fluorine becomes F-
• Fluorine has 7 electrons in the valence
shell. Gaining one electron gives it 8.

• It now has 10 total e-, just like neon.

• What is the electron configuration for this

ion?
 Octet Rule
• The “A” Group numbers refer to the
number of valence electrons.

• Group IA has 1.
• Group IIA has 2.
• Group IIIA has 3.
• All the way to group VIIIA which has 8.
• You cannot go higher than VIIIA.
 Oxidation Numbers
• For each e- the atom loses, your number
is +1. For example, Group IA is +1, Group
IIA is +2.
• For each e- the atom gains, your number
is -1. For example, Group VIA is -2,
Group VIIA is -1.
 Oxidation Numbers
• The oxidation numbers of a neutral
compound must equal 0.
• For example, Na+ must combine with
something that will have a -1 charge.
• Na+ + Cl-  NaCl
• (+1) + (-1) =0
• Mg2+ + S2-  MgS
• (+2) + (-2) = 0
 People
• Dmitiri Mendeleev—developed the modern
periodic table.
• John Newlands—first to discover that
elements fall into categories by increasing
atomic mass. First to assign atomic mass
to elements.
• Henry Moseley—discovered atomic mass
had a physical significance and helped
prove isotopes.
 Terms
• Organic Chemistry—study of carbon
compounds.
• Ore—material in which minerals can be
removed—ex: iron-ore.
• Alloy—mixture of two or more elements
with one being a metal.
• Inorganic Chemistry—deals with non-
organic compunds.
 Terms
• Actinide Series—group of radioactive
elements in Group 3.
• Lanthanide Series—very rare, first row of
the inner transition elements. Located in
period 7.
• Inner Transition—the “f” grouping, located
at the bottom of the periodic chart.
• Diagonal relationships—relationships
between elements in neighboring groups.
 Terms
• Allotrope—elements with the same
elements, but different forms. Ex: O2 and
O3, oxygen vs. ozone.
• Metallurgy—the ability to extract metal
from ore.
• Ferromagnetism—substance whose ions
align in the direction of a magnetic field.
• Mineral—something found in nature as
solid crystals.
 Types of Bonds
• Ionic Bonds

• Anions and cations have opposite charges

(negative and positive, respectively).

• The positive and negative charges are

attracted by electrostatic forces.
 Types of Bonds
• Covalent Bonds

• Two atoms share electrons in order to

complete their octet.

• Only between non-metals.

 Ionic Bonding
• Ionic bonding occurs between a cation and
anion.

• The opposite charges cause the attraction

and the bond.

• Understanding how to balance the

charges is extremely important.
 Understanding Charges
• All non metals have a negative charge.
When the non-metal gains an electron, it
acquires a net negative charge (more
electrons than protons).

• Take Cl for example. It is group VIIA or

Group 17. It needs one more electron to
complete its valence shell.
 Understanding Charges
• Na is located in IA or Group 1. It can lose
1 electron to achieve the octet rule. If it is
3s1 then it drops to 2s22p6.

• Therefore the positive of Na is attracted to

the negative of F.
 The Ionic Bond
• Na+ + F- --> NaF

• Na is +1 F is -1, when you add the

charges together you get “0”.

• You will always want a net “0” charge for a

neutral compound. Remember, we are
trying to achieve stability.
 More Examples
• Mg2+ + Cl-  ???

• When writing a chemical formula, you

need to cross multiply.

• If you have +2 and -1, what is your net

charge? How will you get “0”.
 Writing the formula
• Mg2+ + Cl-  MgCl2

• Cross multiply and drop the charges.

• You have 1(+2) and 2(-1) the net charge

“0”.
 Writing a formula
• Polyatomic ions are a group of atoms with a
charge. Ex: (SO4)2-

• Al3+ + (SO4)2- 

• Cross multiply the charges:

• Al2(SO4)3
• Al (+3) and Sulfate (-2) the LCF is 6, cross
multiplying charges will achieve “0”. 2(+3) and
3(-2) = 0
 Review
• Ionic Compounds are a metal and non-
metal (cation and anion).
• Covalent Compounds are 2 or more non-
metals that share electrons.
• Oxidation numbers are the charges of the
ions.
• Remember to find the LCF of the charges
and cross multiply when creating an ionic
compound.
 Review
• The electron dots only represent the
valence electrons. The electrons go
around the symbol for the element and
then after you have 4 lone electrons, begin
pairing.
 Review e- dots
• Li
• Mg
• Al
• Ge
• N
• S
• Cl
• Ar
 Naming Compounds
• The first word is the cation, the second
word is the anion with –ide as the ending.
• Take NaCl for example.
• Na is Sodium and Cl is chlorine.

• It is called Sodium Chloride.

 Naming Ionic Compounds
• Here is another; Li3P

The number of atoms of each element does

not change any part of the name.

This compound is now called Lithium

Phosphide.
 Naming Covalent Compounds
• Like ionics, use the name of the first
element and drop the ending of the name
of the second element.
• HF has hydrogen and fluorine.

• HF is called hydrogen fluoride.

 Prefixes
• Covalent compounds with multiple atoms
use one of the following prefixes:
• 1=mono 7=hepta
• 2=di 8=octa
• 3=tri
• 4=tetro
• 5=penta
• 6=hepta
 Naming with a prefix
• CO2
• One carbon, 2 oxygens
• Carbon Dioxide

• Do not use a prefix with an ionic

compound:
• MgCl2
• Magnesium Chloride
 Common Polyatomic Ions
• CN- Cyanide
• OH- Hydroxide
• NO3- Nitrate
• NO2- Nitrite
• CO32- Carbonate
• To name something with a polyatomic ion,
use the first element then the name of the
polyatomic.
 Covalent Bonding
• Covalent bonds occur when atoms share
electrons in order to complete their octet.

• Covalent bonds are much weaker when

compared to an ionic bond.
 Examples
• Fluorine has 7 valence electrons and
needs 1 more to complete it’s octet.
• Hydrogen has 1 valence electron and
needs 1 more to complete its “s” sublevel.
 Carbon Tetra Chloride
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons and
needs 4 more.
• Chlorine has 7 valence and needs 1 more.
 Diatomic Molecules
• Some of the non-metals form what are
called diatomic molecules.

• A diatomic molecule is two atoms of the

same element bonding together.

• All of the Halogens are diatomic, as well

as nitrogen, and oxygen.
 Halogens
• Each halogen forms a single bond, sharing
one electron.
• Let’s take a look at fluorine.
 Polar Molecules
• In a polar molecule, one end is slightly
more negative than the other end.

• Hydrogen Chloride is polar. The Chlorine

is more negative than the hydrogen.

• Diatomic Fluorine is not polar. Each

fluorine pulls equally.