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Principles of Management
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 5: 1
CHAPTER 2
PLANNING AND
DECISION-MAKING
All Rights Reserved
Principles of Management
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 5: 2
PLANNING WITHIN
ORGANIZATIONS
Organizational vision
– A vision is a mental
picture that you have
and want to turn into a
reality in the future.
Organizational mission
– Essentially, the planning process builds on the
mission of the organization, which is the
organization’s purpose or fundamental reason for
existence.
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Principles of Management
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 5: 5
PLANNING FROM TOP TO
BOTTOM
Cross-functional teams
Internal and external communication
Overlapping development phases
Frequent testing of product prototypes
Strategic goals
– Broadly defined goals or targeted outcomes set by top
level management
– These goals address issues concerning an organization
as a whole
Tactical goals
– Goals or targeted outcomes set by middle level
management.
– These goals specify what has to be done by the
departments or units to achieve the results outlined in
the strategic goals
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Principles of Management
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 5: 16
Levels of Goals (cont.)
Operational goals
– Goals or targeted outcomes set by lower level
management.
– These goals address specific measurable outcomes
required from the lower levels.