Sculture is derived from the Latin word “sculpere” means to

carve.

Sculpture is any artwork made by the manipulation of materials

resulting in a three-dimensional object.

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts. And sometimes called

as Plastic art.

Three-dimensional media occupies space defined through the

dimensions of height, width and depth.
1. CARVING
uses the subtractive process to cut
away areas from a larger mass, and is
the oldest method used for three-
dimensional work. Traditionally stone
and wood were the most common
materials because they were readily
available and extremely durable.
Contemporary materials include foam
and plastics. Using chisels and other
sharp tools, artists carve away material
until the ultimate form of the work is
achieved.
MEDIUMS USED FOR CARVING
Wood
 most common material used in carving

 Wood is used mainly for indoor sculpture, for it is not as tough or durable as stone; changes of humidity and
temperature may cause it to split, and it is subject to attack by insects and fungus. The grain of wood is one
of its most attractive features, giving variety of pattern and texture to its surfaces. Its colours, too, are subtle
and varied. In general, wood has a warmth that stone does not have, but it lacks the massive dignity and
weight of stone.

 The principal woods for sculpture are oak, mahogany, limewood, walnut, elm, pine, cedar, boxwood, pear,
and ebony.

 Wood Carving is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand or a chisel by two
hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine, or in
the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object.
STONE
 is the hard substance formed from mineral and earth material. The finish is granular and dull in appearance.
These are normally used for gravestones in cemeteries.

 Carving stone into sculpture is an activity older than civilization itself, beginning perhaps with incised
images on cave walls.

 The earliest cultures used abrasive techniques, and modern technology employs pneumatic hammers and
other devices. But for most of human history, sculptors used a hammer and chisel as the basic tools for
carving stone.

 Granite - is a granular igneous rock composed of feldopars and quartz, usually combined with other minerals
and is quite difficult to chisel. This is good for large works with only a few designs.

 Marble - is limestone in a more or less crystalline state and is capable of taking a high polish, occurring in
many varieties. It is easier to carve than granite

 Jade - is a fine, colorful stone usually green, and used widely in Ancient China. It is highly esteemed as an
ornamental stone for carving and fashioning jewelry.
IVORY
 which comes from the main parts of the tusks of elephants is the hard white substance use to make carvings and
billiards balls. In the home of some well to do families in the Philippines, faces and hands of images of saints are
made of ivory. The bodies are made of wood, carved and painted.

 Ivory is by no means just obtained from elephants; any animal tooth or tusk used as a material for carving may be
termed "ivory", though the species is usually added, and a great number of different species with tusks or large
teeth have been used. Teeth have three elements: the outer dental enamel, then the main body of dentine, and the
inner root of osteo-dentine. For the purposes of carving the last two are in most animals both usable, but the
harder enamel may be too hard to carve, and require removal by grinding first. This is the case
with hippopotamus for example, whose tooth enamel (on the largest teeth) is about as hard as jade. Elephant ivory,
as well as coming in the largest pieces, is relatively soft and even, and an ideal material for carving. The species of
animal from which ivory comes can usually be determined by examination under ultra-violet light, where different
types show different colours.
OTHER MEDIUMS USED IN CARVING
ICE
 Sculpting ice presents a number of difficulties due to the variability and volatility of the material. Ice
may be sculpted in a wide range of temperatures and the characteristics of the ice will change
according to its temperature as well as the surrounding temperatures. Sculptures are generally carved
from blocks of ice and these blocks must be carefully selected to be suitable for the sculptor's purposes
and should be free of undesired impurities. Typically, ideal carving ice is made from pure, clean water.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

 The art of fruit and vegetable carving uses many different tools, usually ordinary items but some
specific to just fruit carving. All these tools give the artwork a different texture or help with its design.
2. CASTING AND MOLDING
It’s a process by which a liquid material is
usually poured into a mold, which contains a
hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then
allowed to solidify. One traditional method of
bronze casting frequently used today is the lost
wax process. A mold is made from an artist’s
original wax sculpture that is melted away to
create a negative cavity into which molten
metal is poured. Traditionally, casting materials
are usually metals such as bronze, brass, copper,
lead, gold and silver. Casting can be used for
making complex shapes that would be
otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by
other methods.
MEDIUMS USED IN CASTING AND MOLDING
Metals - include any of a class of elementary substances as gold, silver or copper all of which are characterized
by capacity, ductility, conductivity and peculiar luster when freshly fractured. Traditionally, the metals that have
been the medium for sculpture are copper, brass, bronze, gold, silver, and lead. Aluminum is a recent addition to
the list

Bronze - is another by product of metal consisting of copper and tin with color and is one of the most universally
popular metals for sculpture. Bronze as a material is strong, durable and resistant to any atmospheric corrosion.

Brass - an alloy of copper and zinc is not popularly used by artists because of its limitations as a medium.
Although it has many practical uses, brass does not rust and it takes a brilliant polish.

Copper - which has a peculiar brilliance, is used as a costing medium. This is basically shaped by hammering. It
can into relief forms.

Gold and Silver - are used as casting materials for small objects like medals, coins and pieces of jewelry.
Because they are quite expensive, they are used for either personal accessories or religious adornments.

Lead - a bluish gray metal is used for casting and forging. With the help of a welding torch iron, it can be worked
into a variety of unique and exciting forms.
FIBERGLASS
 also called Glass Fibre, fibrous form of glass that is used principally as insulation and as a reinforcing agent in
plastics.

 Cheaper and more flexible than carbon fiber, it is stronger than many metals by weight, is non-magnetic,
non-conductive, transparent to electromagnetic radiation, can be molded into complex shapes, and is
chemically inert under many circumstances. Applications include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bath tubs and
enclosures, swimming pools, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding, orthopedic
casts, surfboards, and external door skins.
RESIN
 It is a liquid plastic commonly used in mixed media jewelry projects. It can be poured into molds, used to fill
bezels, applied to other components to create an enamel-like surface, and much more. Resin is poured wet and
then "cured" to make clear hard shapes or surfaces.

 the two main types of resin are 2-part epoxy resin and UV resin (sometimes also called 1-part resin). 2-part
resin consists of two different solutions, which are mixed in equal parts and cure to a clear solid after being left
to harden for up to 3 days. UV resin is applied in thinner layers and remains wet until being exposed to UV light,
either bright sunlight or under a UV lamp. Resin can be used to seal collages and embed items in metal bezels,
to cast shapes in molds, and to create an enameled look on jewelry.
PLASTER OF PARIS
 is a composition of lime, sand and water. Plaster is worked on an armature of metal wires and rods in
addition to various materials and fibers. This is applied on walls and ceilings and allowed to harden and dry.
The medium is used extensively for making manikins, models, molds, architectural decorations and other
indoor sculpture. Quick-setting gypsum plaster consisting of a fine white powder (calcium sulfate
hemihydrate), which hardens when moistened and allowed to dry

 Plaster of paris does not generally shrink or crack when dry, making it an excellent medium for casting
molds. Some sculptors work directly in plaster of paris, as the speed at which the plaster sets gives the work
a sense of immediacy and enables the sculptor to achieve the original idea quickly.
3. MODELING
is a method that can be both additive and
subtractive. The artist uses modeling to build
up form with clay, plaster or other soft
material that can be pushed, pulled, pinched
or poured into place. The material then
hardens into the finished work. Larger
sculptures created with this method make
use of an armature, an underlying structure
of wire that sets the physical shape of the
work. Although modeling is primarily an
additive process, artists do remove material
in the process. Modeling a form is often a
preliminary step in the casting method.
MEDIUM USED IN MODELING
CLAY
 is a natural earthy material that has the nature of plasticity when wet, consisting
essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum used for making bricks and ceramics.

TYPES OF CLAYS
 Kaolin, also called china clay, soft white clay that is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china
and porcelain.

 Terra-cotta, (Italian: “baked earth”) literally, any kind of fired clay but, in general usage, a kind of object—e.g.,
vessel, figure, or structural form—made from fairly coarse, porous clay that when fired assumes a colour
ranging from dull ochre to red and usually is left unglazed. Most terra-cotta has been of a utilitarian kind
because of its cheapness, versatility, and durability.
 Polymer Clay is a type of hardenable modeling clay based on the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It typically
contains no clay minerals, but like mineral clay a liquid is added to dry particles until it achieves gel-like
working properties, and similarly, the part is put into an oven to harden, hence its colloquial designation as
clay.[1] Polymer clay is generally used for making arts and craft items, and is also used in commercial
applications to make decorative parts.

 Air Dry Clay is a versatile product that can be used in many craft projects. Air dry clay does not need to be
heated, unlike traditional clays that need to be fired in a kiln at a high temperature, or polymer clays that
need to be heated in an oven to cure. This kind of clay hardens and cures at normal room temperature and
once dry, it can be painted and decorated in a variety of ways.

 Your typical air-dry clay is bouncy, soft and satin smooth. It dries slower than paper clay, and is more
flexible when it dries.

 Paper Clay is clay with paper fibres. It’s extremely pulpy, lightweight, and typically the more the fibres, the
less the moisture. Moisture is important because, even if you add water, there is a higher chance of the clay
cracking.
KAOLIN SCULPTURE SAMPLES
TERRACOTTA SCULPTURE SAMPLES
POLYMER CLAY SCULPTURE SAMPLES
AIR DRY CLAY SCULPTURE SAMPLES
PAPER CLAY SCULPTURE SAMPLES
4. Construction or Assemblage
is an artistic form or medium usually
created on a defined substrate that
consists of three-dimensional elements
projecting out of or from the substrate.

Artists weld, glue, bolt and wire

individual pieces together to form an
artistic art.

Sometimes it is called as Steampunk Art

Design
MEDIUMS USED IN ASSEMBLAGE

 in art, work produced by the incorporation of everyday objects into

the composition. Although each non-art object, such as a piece of rope
or newspaper, acquires aesthetic or symbolic meanings within
the context of the whole work, it may retain something of its original
identity.

 These objects can be anything organic or man-made. Scraps of wood,

stones, old shoes, baked bean cans and a discarded baby buggy - or any
of the other 84,000,000 items not here mentioned by name - all qualify
for inclusion in an assemblage. Whatever catches the artist's eye, and
fits properly in the composition to make a unified whole, is fair game.
 Elements And Principles Of Sculptural Design
The two most important elements of sculpture—mass and space—are, of course,
separable only in thought. All sculpture is made of a material substance that has
mass and exists in three-dimensional space. The mass of sculpture is thus the solid,
material, space-occupying bulk that is contained within its surfaces. Space enters into
the design of sculpture in three main ways:

• the material components of the sculpture extend into or move through space;

• they may enclose or enfold space, thus creating hollows and voids within the
sculpture;

• and they may relate one to another across space. Volume, surface, light and
shade, and colour are supporting elements of sculpture.
FILIPINO SCULPTURES
and
THEIR MASTERPIECE
FATHER OF MODERN PHILIPPINE SCULPTURE

Napoleon "Billy" Veloso Abueva

• was known as the "Father of Modern Philippine
Sculpture" Through Proclamation No. 1539, He was
proclaimed National Artist for Sculpture in 1976
when he was 46, making him the youngest recipient
of the award to date.

• Abueva helped shape the local sculpture scene to

what it is now. He used almost all kinds of materials
for his sculptures such as hard wood, adobe, metal,
stainless steel, cement, marble, bronze, iron,
alabaster, coral and brass. He was the first Filipino
artist to mount a one-man exhibit at the Philippine
Center in New York in 1980.
 "Magdangal"

"Siyam na Diwata ng Sining"

Guillermo Estrella Tolentino
• was a Filipino sculptor and professor of
the University of the Philippines. He was
designated as a National Artist of the
Philippines for Sculpture in 1973, three years
before his death.

• He is a renowned artist known for

transforming hopes and aspirations of
freedom into art. One of his famous
creations is the Oblation, which can be
found at the lobby of College of Fine Arts at
the University of the Philippines. The
Oblation, famous landmark in the University
of the Philippines, has become a symbol of
academic freedom.
Bonifacio Monument UP Oblation
 Anastacio Tanchauco Caedo
• His style of sculpture was classical realist in the tradition of his
mentor, Guillermo Tolentino.
• His best known works include the MacArthur Landing site in
Palo Red Beach, Leyte; the Benigno Aquino Monument which
was originally at the corner of Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas
in Makati; the Bonifacio Monument in Pugad Lawin, Balintawak;
and numerous statues of Jose Rizal, most notably the ones
displayed in Philippine embassies throughout the world.
• He produced
numerous commissioned representational sculptures mainly
monuments of national heroes and successful Filipino
politicians, businessmen, and educators.
• Caedo is also notable for having refused the honor of being
awarded a National Artist of the Philippines – in 1983, 1984,
and 1986.
MacArthur Leyte Landing Benigno Aquino Monument
Memorial National Park