ASSIGNMENT-3

BUILDING SERVICES-3

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

AR. SURJEET SINGH SAURABH SINGH
B.ARCH 4th YR.
7th SEMESTER
 INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

I. REVERBERATION TIME AND SABINE FORMULA 1

II. CRITERIA FOR ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT 2-3
III. SOUND APPLICATION SYSTEM 4-6
IV. CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING MEASURE 6
V. ACOUSTICAL DEFECT AND REMEDIES 7-10
REVERBERATION TIME

• The time taken by the sound in a room to fall from its average intensity to
inaudibility level is called the reverberation time of the room.
• Reverberation time is defined as the time during which the sound energy
density falls from its steady state.

SABINE’S FORMULA

• Sabine defined the reverberation time as the time taken by the sound
intensity to fall to one millionth of its original intensity after the source
stopped emitting sound.

REVERBERATION TIME

• If a hall is to be acoustically satisfactory, it is essential that it should have

the right reverberation time.
• The reverberation time should be neither too long nor too short.
• A very short reverberation time makes a room `dead’. On the other hand, a
long reverberation time renders speech unintelligible.

• The optimum value for reverberation time depends on the purpose for which
a hall is designed.
REMEDIES

• The reverberation time can be controlled by the suitable choice of

building materials and furnishing materials.
• Since open windows allow the sound energy to flow out of the hall, there
should be a limited number of windows. They may be opened or closed to
obtain optimum reverberation time.
• In order to compensate for an increase in the reverberation time due to an
unexpected decrease in audience strength, upholstered seats are to be
provided in the hall.
 GOOD ACOUSTICS
• According to classic acoustic theory there are five requirements which, When met
result in good acoustic

APPROPRIATE REVERBERATION TIME

Depend on the size of the W.furrer’s Recommendation can be used in room which
are b/w 200 and 20000 cubic meters.

UNIFORM SOUND DISTRIBUTION

Is the important large rooms and halls, where the sound must be able to be hear
equally well everywhere.

APPROPRIATE SOUND LEVEL: for normal conversation is 60-65 db and

in a busy steet 70-85db.
 APPROPRIATE, LOW BACKGROUND is one of the most important
Acoustic criteria especially in concert halls and theatres.

NO ECHO OR FLUTTER ECHOES must occur for the acoustics to be good

Is esay to prevent echo by installing a little sound.
-absorbing material on the wall
Sound application system: use of the various types of sound application
System:
• Microphone
• Speakers
• Amplifer
• Equalizer
• Audio driver
• Sound card
MICROPHONE
• A microphone, colloquially named mic or mike (maɪk), is a device – a
transducer – that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are
used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public
address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture
production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-way
radios, megaphones, radio and television broadcasting, and in computers
for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic
purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors.

SPEAKERS/LOUDSPEAKER
• A loudspeaker (or loud-speaker or speaker) is
an electroacoustic transducer; a device which converts an electrical audio
signal into a corresponding sound.The most widely used type of speaker in
the 2010s is the dynamic speaker, invented in 1924 by Edward W.
Kellogg and Chester W. Rice. The dynamic speaker operates on the same
basic principle as a dynamic microphone, but in reverse, to produce sound
from an electrical signal.
 AMPLIFIER
• An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device
that can increase the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It is
a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to
increase the amplitude of a signal applied to its input terminals, producing a
proportionally greater amplitude signal at its output. The amount of
amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by its gain: the ratio of
output voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier is a circuit that has
a power gain greater than one.

EQUALIZER
• Equalization or eqalisatiion is the process of adjusting the balance between
frequency components within an electronic signal.The most well use of
equalization is in sound recording and reproduction but there are many other
application in electronics and telecommunication.

AUDIO DRIVER

• The Audio driver is the part of the computer’s nervous system that takes the
signals originating from the program and turns them into the format in which
they can be used the speakers. This allows the sound card to failitate audio
output from the computer and communicate with the speaker.
SOUND CARD
• A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion
card that provides input and output of audio signals to and from
a computer under control of computer programs. The term sound card is also
applied to external audio interfaces used for professional
audio applications.Sound functionality can also be integrated onto
the motherboard, using components similar to those found on plug-in cards.
The integrated sound system is often still referred to as a sound card.

BASIC CRITERIA FOR ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT FOR

REVERBERATION SPACE
Site Selection
Volume
Shape
Interior Surface
Reverberation
Seating arrangements and audience
Sound Absorption
SITE SELECTION:
if possible, site should be away from busy street, railways, airports, etc.
if not, then orientation, layout, structural design should be done accordingly.
Noise reduction
VOLUME:
purpose of hall.
Height is of greater importance.
Public lecture hall - 2.8 to 3.7 m3/person
Musical Concert Hall - 4.2 to 5.6 m3/person
Cinema Theatres - 3.7 to 4.2 m3/person
TREATMENT OF INTERIOR SURFACES:
Provide favorable reflections
Tilted portions of the ceiling can be arranged
Max time gap between sound source and listener should be 45 milli-sec
ceiling and wall reflector should be within 8m of the sound source.
Path difference between direct and reflected sound at no listening point should
exceed 12 m.
Plain side wall are normally found suitable.
Concave ceiling surfaces such and domes should be avoided.
smooth ceiling should not be parallel to floor
Convex shaped wall considered best
Rear wall should not be provided as concave walls unless treated with sound
absorbent
ACOUSTICAL DEFECT

• List of acoustical defects

• Reverberation.
• Formations of echoes.
• Sound foci.
• Dead spots.
• Insufficient loudness.
• Exterior noises.

REVERBERATION.

• Reverberation is the persistence of sound in the enclosed space , after the

source of sound has stopped.
• Reverberant sound is the reflected sound , as a result of improper absorption.
• Reverberation may results in confusion with the sound created next.
• However some reverberation is essential for improving quality sound.
• The time during which the sound persists is called the reverberation time of
sound in the hall.
• As per Prof. W .C. Sabins reverberation time ‘t’ is given
by formula :- t= 0.16V /A where V=volume of room in cubic meters
A= total absorbing power of all the surfaces of room/ hall.

REMEDIES
• The reverberation time can be controlled by the suitable choice of building
materials and furnishing materials.
• Since open windows allow the sound energy to flow out of the hall, there
should be a limited number of windows. They may be opened or closed to
obtain optimum reverberation time.
FORMATIONS OF ECHOES
• Echo's

• Not all sound that hits matter is absorbed. Some of it is reflected. That
means sound bounces off the solid matter the way a tennis ball bounces off
a wall. Sound reflected back to its source is an echo.

• An echo is produced when the reflected sound wave reaches the ear just when
the original sound from the same source has been already heard.

• Thus there is repetition of sound.

• The sensation of sound persists for 1/10th of a second after the source
has ceased.
• Thus an echo must reach after 1/10th second of the direct sound.
• Multiple echoes may be heard when a sound is reflected from a number of
reflecting surfaces placed suitably.
• This defect can be removed by selecting proper shape of the hall .
• And by providing rough and porous interior surfaces to disperse the
energy of echoes.

REMEDIES

• This defect is avoided by selecting proper shape for the auditorium. Use of
splayed side walls instead of parallel walls greatly reduces the problem and
enhance the acoustical quality of the hall.

• Echoes may be avoided by covering the opposite walls and high ceiling with
absorptive material.
 SOUND FOCI

• Some times shape of the hall makes sound waves to concentrate in some
particular areas of hall creating a sound of large quality.
• Some times shape of the hall makes sound waves to concentrate in some
particular areas of hall creating a sound of large quality.
• These spots are called sound foci.
• This defect can be removed by
 Geometrical design shapes of the interior faces.
 Providing highly absorbent materials on critical areas (curved spaces).

DEAD SPOTS.
• This defect is the out come of formation of sound foci.
• Because of high concentration of reflected sound at sound foci , there is
deficiency of related sound at some other points.
• These spots are known as dead spots where sound intensity is so low that it
is insufficient for hearing.
• This defect can be removed by suitably placing diffusers and reflectors.
• Right proportions of internal spaces.

EXTERIOR NOISES.

• External noises from vehicles , traffic engines , factories , machines etc. may
enter the hall either through the openings or even through walls and other
structural elements having improper sound insulation.
• This defect can be removed by proper planning of the hall with respect to its
surroundings and by proper sound insulation of external walls.
ACOUSTICAL DESIGN OF HALLS

• The initial sound from the source should be of adequate intensity so that it
can be heard throughout the hall .
• For halls of big sizes suitable sound amplification system should be installed.
• The sound produced should be evenly distributed so that there is no dead
spots and sound foci.

ACOUSTICAL DESIGN OF HALLS

• The boundary surface should be so designed that there are no echoes or

near echoes.
• Desired reverberation time should be achieved by proper placement of
absorbents on wall.
• The out side noise should be eliminated.