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Section 01 Introduction
Section 01 Introduction
Section 01 Introduction
• Analytical Chemistry?
– “Science of Chemical Measurements”
Areas of Chemical Analysis and
Questions They Answer
• Quantitation:
– How much of substance X is in the sample?
• Detection:
– Does the sample contain substance X?
• Identification:
– What is the identity of the substance in the sample?
• Separation:
– How can the species of interest be separated from the
sample matrix for better quantitation and identification?
What do Chemical Analyst Do?
• Analyst:
• Applies known measurement techniques to
well defined compositional or
characterization questions.
• Research Analytical Chemist
What do Chemical Analyst Do?
• Senior Analyst:
• Develops new measurement methods on
existing principles to solve new analysis
problems.
What do Chemical Analyst Do?
• Research Analytical Chemist:
• Creates and /or investigates novel
techniques or principles for chemical
measurements.
• or
• Conducts fundamental studies of
chemical/physical phenomena underlying
chemical measurements.
What is Analytical Science?
• Analytical Chemistry provides the methods and
tools needed for insight into our material
world…for answering four basic questions about a
material sample?
• What?
• Where?
• How much?
• What arrangement, structure or form?
• Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 343 (1992):812-813
Qualitative analysis is what.
Quantitative analysis is how much.
©Gary Christian,
Analytical Chemistry,
6th Ed. (Wiley)
• Technical Problems:
• Metal Package Corrosion:
– M + water, oxygen, oxidizers M ions +
products
To human
water supply
Underground
water
Nuclear Waste Disposal Case Study
• Corrosion Model:
• M + H2O, SO42-, O2 M+ + OH- , H2
• CO3=, H+, F-, Cl-, MXn+ :
• NO2-, NO3-, S=,etc.MYm+, MZj + Prod.
Nuclear Waste Disposal Case Study
Absorbance
25 0.7 2
0.6 R = 0.9961
deer 1 0.61
deer 2 0.43 0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Conc., ppm
Calculating the Concentration
• ppm = (Absorbance -.005)/0.0282
• Deer 1: (0.61 - 0.005)/0.0282 = 22 ppm
• Deer 2: (0.43 -0.005)/0.0282 = 15 ppm
• Arsenic in the kidney tissue of animals is
toxic at levels above about 10 ppm.
• Grass Samples showed about 600 ppm
arsenic.
Reliability of the Data
• The data from these experiments could be
analyzed using the statistical methods we
will describe in Section 3.
Where Do We Begin?
• Review of Basic Tools and Operations of Analytical
Chemistry
– The Laboratory Notebook
– Analytical Balances, Volumetric Glassware
– Laboratory Safety
• Error Analysis
– Concepts
– Terminology
– Evaluation of Data
– Experimental Design
• Review of Solution Chemistry
– Units
– Concentration Calculations
– Stoichiometry
– Balanced Chemical Reactions
Laboratory safety is a must!
Learn the rules.
See Appendix D.