Seminar in topology

Definition: A space for which every open covering contains a countable subcovering is usually called
Lindelof space.
A space having a countable dense subset is often said to be Separable.

The Separation Axiom:

Suppose that one point sets are closed in X. Then X is said to be regular, if for each pair consisting of a
point x and closed set B disjoint from x, there exist disjoint open sets containing x and B respectively.
The space X is said to be space normal if for each pair A,B of disjoint closed set of X there exist disjoint
open sets containing A and B respectively.

Note:
• The regular space is a Hausdorff Space.
• A normal space is regular.
• These above axioms are called separation axioms for the reason that they involve separating certain
kinds of sets from on another by disjoint openset.
Lemma:
Let X be a topological space. Let one point set in X be closed.
• X is regular iff given a point x of X and a neighbourhood U of x, there is a
neighbourhood V of X, such that V C U.
• X is normal iff given a closed set X and an open set U containing A there is
an open set V containing A such that V C U.
Proof:
• Necessary Part:
Suppose that X is regular.
To Prove: Given a point x and a neighbourhood U of x there exists a
neighbourhood V of X such that V C U.
For, suppose that, the point x and the neighbourhood U of x are
given.
 Let B = X – U
Then B is a closed set. Because of our assumption that X is regular, there
exist disjoint open set V & W containing x and B respectively.
the set V is disjoint from B.
Since if y belongs to B, the set W is a neighbourhood of y disjoint from V.
Therefore V C U.
Hence the necessary part.
• Sufficient Part:
Assume the converse part.
To prove: X is regular.
For suppose the point x and the closet set B of X not containing x are
given.
i.e. x and the closed set B are disjoint.
 Let U = X - B
By our assumption there is a neighbourhood V of X, such that V C U.
The open set V & X – V are disjoint open set, containing x and B
respectively.
X is regular.
• Necessary Part:
Assume that X is normal.
Let A be a closed set and U be an open set containing A.
Let B = X – U, then B is a closed set.
By hypothesis, there exist disjoint open sets V & W containing A and B
respectively.
The set V is disjoint from B.
 Since if y belongs to B, the set W is a neighbourhood of y disjoint from V.
VCU
Hence the necessary part.
• Sufficient Part:
Assume the converse part.
To Prove: X is normal.
Suppose that A and B are disjoint closed sets of X.
Let U = X – B
By hypothesis, there is a neighbourhood V of A, such that V C U.
The open sets V and X – V are disjoint open sets containing A and B
respectively.
Hence the disjoint closed sets A and B have disjoint neighbourhood V and
X – V.
Thus, X is normal.