Introduction to process

analysis and selection

 • there are different
types of treatment
methods that can be use
t o t r e a t w a s t e w a t e r.
• these individual
methods usually are
classified as physical unit
operation, chemical unit
process and biological
unit process

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 Reactors used
for treatment of
wastewater

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 TYPES OF REACTORS
BATCH REACTOR – are used for most of the
reactions carried out in a laboratory

COMPLETE MIX REACTOR – in a closed system

where no flow is added or allowed to leave
during the design detention time

PUG FLOW REACTOR – fluid particles pass

through the tank and are discharge in the same
sequence in which they where enter

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 TYPES OF REACTORS
COMPLETE MIX REACTOR in SERIES – used to
model the flow regime that exists between the
ideal hydraulic flow patterns corresponding to
complete-mix and pug-flow reactors

PACKED-BED REACTORS – are filled with inert

packing media for the growth of biomass

FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR – is filled with the

packing the material that expands and gets
fluidized when wastewater moves upward in the
reactor

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 APPLICATION OF REACTORS
Operational factors that must be considered in the selection of
the type of reactor/s to be used in the treatment process are:

• the nature of wastewater to be treated

• the nature of the reactions

• the reaction kinetics governing the treatment process

• the process performance requirements

• local environmental condition

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 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF REACTORS
Ideal flow in complete
mix and pug flow reactors
• Ideal reactors is a system with
boundaries. Mass may enter
and leave across the boundary
• τ = V/Q
τ – hydraulic detention time
V – volume of the reactors
Q – volumetric flow rate
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Non Ideal flow in
complete mix and pug
flow reactors
• Non ideal reactors do not meet
ideal conditions of flow and
mixing due to dispersion, short
circuiting and deal spaces, and
filling and drawing
• The important issue with non
ideal flow is that a portion of the
flow will not remain in the
reactor as long as may be required
for a biological or chemical
reaction to go to completion
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 MASS BALANCE ANALYSIS

Mass Balance Analysis is the

fundamental approach used to study
the hydraulic flow characteristics of
reactors and to delineate the changes
that takes place when a reaction is
occurring in a reactor or in some
definable portion of a body of liquid

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 MASS BALANCE PRINCIPLE

Mass is neither created nor

destroyed, but the form of mass can
be altered. The mass balance analysis
affords a convenient way of defining
what occurs within treatment
reactors as a function of time

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General word statement The corresponding word

Rate of Rate of
accumula- flow of
Accumulatio Inflow
tion of reactant
n (1)
reactant into the (2)

within the system

system (1) boundary
(2) Outflow Generation
Rate of Rate of
+
(3) (4)
flow of generation
of reactant
reactant out +
of the within the
system
system
boundary
boundary
(4)
(3) 10
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 PREPARATION OF THE MASS
BALANCE
In preparing mass balance, it is helpful if the
following steps are followed, especially as
the techniques involved are being mastered

a. Prepare a simplified schematic or flow

diagram of the system or process for which
the mass balance is to be prepared

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 PREPARATION OF THE MASS
BALANCE
In preparing mass balance, it is helpful if the
following steps are followed, especially as
the techniques involved are being mastered

b. Draw a system or control volume

boundary to define the limits over which
the mass balance id to be applied.

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 PREPARATION OF THE MASS
BALANCE
In preparing mass balance, it is helpful if the
following steps are followed, especially as
the techniques involved are being mastered

c. List all the pertinent data and assumptions

that will be used in the preparation of the
materials balance on the schematic or flow
diagram

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 PREPARATION OF THE MASS
BALANCE
In preparing mass balance, it is helpful if the
following steps are followed, especially as
the techniques involved are being mastered

d. List all the rate expressions for the

biological or chemical reactions that occur
within the control volume

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 PREPARATION OF THE MASS
BALANCE
In preparing mass balance, it is helpful if the
following steps are followed, especially as
the techniques involved are being mastered

e. Select a convenient basis on which the

numerical calculations will be based

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 THANK YOU

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