LOGARITHMIC &

EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
They are inverses.
Exponential Functions
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑏
b-base and x-exponent
y= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 x if and only if x= 𝑎 𝑦

The function given by;

f(x)=𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 x
Read as ‘’ log base a of x’’ ‘’ log
of x to the base a’’
THE EQUATIONS:
y= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 x x= 𝑎 𝑦

Logarithmic Exponential
form form
When evaluating logarithms,
remember that a logarithm is an
exponent. This means that 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 x
is the exponent to which a must
be raised to obtain x. For
instance, 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 8 = 3 because 2
must be raised to the third power
to get 8.
Exponential equation Logarithmic eq.
3
2 =8
6
2 = 64
2
8 = 64
2
5 = 25
3
5 = 125
Exponential equation Logarithmic eq.
1/3
343 =7
−3
1
5 =
125
−4
1
= 16
2
1.2=𝑙𝑜𝑔3 9
2.𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (16)=4
3.5=𝑙𝑜𝑔3 x
Evaluate the logarithm:
1.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 x if x=32
2.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 x if x=1
3.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 x if x= 2
4.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 x if x= 1/100
Evaluate the logarithm:
1.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟑
2.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐𝟕 𝟑
3.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟔 1/ 216
4.f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏 81
𝟑
 𝑥+1
1. 5 = 125
3𝑥−2 𝑥
2. 36 = 7776
3. 3 𝑥+2
= 19683 𝑥−1
 LAWS OF
LOGARITHMS
1. MULTIPLICATION RULE
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝐌𝐍 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 M+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝐍
EXAMPLE:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 6+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 8= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟒𝟖
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 xy= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 x+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒚
3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 50+ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 100
2. DIVISION RULE
𝑴
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 =𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 M-𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝐍
𝑵
𝟓
𝟏. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 5-𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐
𝒙
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 x-𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒚= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑
𝒚
3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 56- 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟕 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 56/7
3. POWER RULE (NTH POWER)
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 = 𝑵𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 M
𝑵

Example:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝟓 )= 10 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 5
𝟏𝟎

2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐 = 2𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 2
𝟐

3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 32= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟐 = 5𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟐

𝟓

4. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟔 𝟔𝟒= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟔 𝟐 = 𝟔𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟔 𝟐

𝟔
4. LOGARITHM OF NTH ROOT
𝑴 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 N
𝑴
Example:
𝟔
1. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟔𝟒= 1/6 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 64
𝟑
2. 1/3 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟖= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟖
𝟒
3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟏𝟔= 1/4 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟏𝟔
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