(MO-091334)

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics

Fracture Mechanics – An
Introduction
Prof. Ir. Eko Budi Djatmiko, MSc., PhD.
Nur Syahroni, ST., MT., PhD.
Outline
• Why structures fail
• Design Approaches
• Stress Analysis for Member with Crack

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
• Stress Concentration Factor
• Three Modes Deformation of Crack
• Stress Intensity Factor

2
Why structures fail

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
3

Brittle fracture of the World War II Liberty ships

Why structures fail

• Negligible during design, construction or operation of structures:

• Poor workmanship
• Inappropriate or substandard materials
• Error in stress analysis
• Operator error

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
• Application of a new design or material, which produces an
unexpected (an undesirable) result
• Example: Brittle fracture of World War II Liberty ships
• Broken completely in two while sailing between Siberia-Alaska in
1943
• Totally 2700 ships, 400 fractures, 90 serious failure, 20 ships broken
completely in two
• The first ship applied all-welded hull which were much faster and 4
cheaper in fabrication
Design Approaches
The strength of material The fracture mechanics
approach approach

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
5
Stress Analysis for Member with Cracks
• Stress concentration
factor (Kt)

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
• For very sharp cracks

6
Stress Intensity Factor (KI)
• By using a method developed by Westergaard , Irwin found that the
stress and displacement fields in the vicinity of crack tips subjected
to the three modes of deformation are given by:

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
7
Stress Intensity Factor (KII)
• By using a method developed by Westergaard , Irwin found that the
stress and displacement fields in the vicinity of crack tips subjected
to the three modes of deformation are given by:

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
8
Stress Intensity Factor (KIII)
• By using a method developed by Westergaard , Irwin found that the
stress and displacement fields in the vicinity of crack tips subjected
to the three modes of deformation are given by:

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
9
Stress Intensity Factor Equations
• The general form of the stress-intensity factor
(𝐾) is given by:
𝐾 = 𝝈𝒏𝒐𝒎 𝝅𝒂 . 𝒇 𝒈

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
• The unstable fracture will be occurred when:

𝐾 ≥ 𝐾𝑐

10
 SIF for Through-Thickness Crack

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics

11

(MO-091334)
SIF for Single Edge Crack
Free surface
Infinite width correction factor

Finite width

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
12
SIF for Embedded Elliptical or
Circular Crack in Infinite Plate

If b=p/2, KI max for embedded elliptical crack:

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
Q= flaw shape parameter

For circular crack

a=c, Q~2.4
13
SIF for Surface Crack

Mk: back surface correction factor

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
for values of a/t≥0.5

Q= flaw shape parameter

14
SIF for Crack Growing from Hole

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
for very short crack, a/r0, f(a/r) ~ 3 (=kt)
𝐾𝐼 ≈ 𝑘𝑡 𝜋𝑎
15
for large a/r become through thickness crack
 SIF for Crack in Bending Beam

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics

16

(MO-091334)
References
• Barsom, JM. & Rolfe, ST., ‘Fracture & Fatigue Control in
Structures, Applications of Fracture Mechanics’, Pretince-Hall,
New Jersey, 1987.
• Anderson T.L., ‘Fracture Mechanics, Fundamental and
Application’, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991

(MO-091334)
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics
17
 Example problems

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics

18

(MO-091334)
 Example problems

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics

19

(MO-091334)