Exclusionary vs.
Inclusionary Populism:
Comparing Contemporary Europe and
Latin America
Europe
• Jorg Haider and the Austrian
Freedom Party (FPO)
• Jean Marie Le Pen and the
French National Front (FN)
Latin America
• Bolivian President Evo Morales
and the Movement for Socialism
(MAS)
• Venezuelan President Hugo
Chaves and the United Socialist
Party of Venezuela (PSUV)
Europe
• New phenomenon (populist radical right party family in 1980’s)
• Marriage of convenience with the radical right
• Political system: parliamentary regimes that center on political parties
Latin America
• Rich tradition of populist leader and movements
• Political system: presidential centered on strong individual leaders
with weakly organized parties or movements tied to them
Basis of framework that distinguishes between 3 dimensions of
inclusion/exclusion:
1. Material
2. Political
3. Symbol
Material
• Distribution of state resources (monetary & non-monetary) to specific
groups in the society.
• Material exclusion
• Material inclusion
• Latin America vs Europe
Political
• Two key dimensions of democracy: political participation and public
contestation
• Political Exclusion
• Political Inclusion
• Latin America vs Europe
Symbolic
• How boundaries are set between ‘the people’ and ‘the elites’ and
how they are reinforced
• Symbolically included
• Symbolically excluded
• Latin America vs Europe
Conclusion