Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry

13-1. Carbon Bonds 13-11. Carbohydrates

13-2. Alkanes
13-3. Petroleum Products 13-12. Photosynthesis
13-4. Structural Formulas 13-13. Lipids
13-5. Isomers
13-6. Unsaturated 13-14. Proteins
Hydrocarbons 13-15 Soil Nitrogen
13-7. Benzene
13-8. Hydrocarbon 13-16. Nucleic Acids
Groups 13-17. Origin of Life
13-9. Functional Groups
13-10. Polymers
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry
of compounds of all elements other than carbon.

The general properties of carbon compounds are:

1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.

2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are
usually slow.
3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air
but rapidly if heated.
4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high
temperatures.
 13-3. Petroleum Products
Fractional distillation
Catalytic cracking
Modern cracking uses zeolites as the
catalyst.
13-3. Petroleum Products
 13-5. Isomers
Optical Isomers
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch
m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm
Structural Isomers
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educm
at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm

13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated compounds have double or
triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more
reactive than saturated compounds,
which have only single carbon-carbon
bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).
 13.7 Benzene
Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that

do not contain benzene rings.
 13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups
Alkanes or Hydrocarbons
Methane 1 carbon
Ethane 2 carbons
Propane 3 carbons
Butane 4 carbons
Pentane 5 carbons
Hexane 6 carbons
Heptane 7 carbons
Octane 8 carbons
Table 13.1
 13-9. Functional Groups

Alkenes Alkynes

Ethene 2 carbons Acetylene 2 carbons

Propene 3 carbons Propyne 3 carbons
Butene 4 carbons Butyne 4 carbons
Pentene 5 carbons Pentyne 5 carbons
Hexene 6 carbons Hexyne 6 carbons
Heptene 7 carbons Heptyne 7 carbons
Octene 8 carbons Octyne 9 carbons
Fig. 13.9, etc.

Acetylene
gas welding
and cutting.
 13-9. Functional Groups

Alcohols

Ethanol 2 carbons
Propanol 3 carbons
Butanol 4 carbons
Pentanol 5 carbons
Hexanole 6 carbons
Heptanol 7 carbons
Octanol 8 carbons
 13-9. Functional Groups

Ethers Aldehydes
oxygen in the middle
Double bond “O” with “H” on end
 13-49 Functional Groups

Ketones Carboxylic Acids

Double bond “O” in middle Double bond “O” with “OH”
 13-9. Functional Groups

Amines Esters
NH2 on end Double bond “O” with “O” both in middle
Table 13.2
 13-10 Polymers

A polymer is a long chain of simple

molecules (monomers) linked together.
Polymers that contain the vinyl group are
classed as vinyls. Some examples of
polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon,
and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is
thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can
be shaped when heated but becomes rigid
again on cooling..
13-3. Petroleum Products
Polymerization-the making of plastics
Vinyl
Table 13.3
 13-10 Polymers

A copolymer is a polymer that consists of

.

two different monomers. Dynel and Saran

Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that
contain two double bonds in each molecule
form flexible, elastic polymers called
elastomers; rubber and neoprene are
examples. Polyamides and polyesters are
polymers produced by chemical reactions
rather than by the polymerization of
monomers.
 13-10 Polymers

Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between

.

carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-

stick surface in cookware.
 13-11. Carbohydrates

D -Allose D -Altrose D -Glucose D -Mannose D -Gulose D -Idose D -Galactose D -Talose

D-Glucose β-D-Glucose
α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose (chair form)
(an aldose)
 13.11 Polysaccharides

Sucrose Lactose Maltose

Amylopectin
 13.11 Polysaccharides

Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to

paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in
the stomachs of cows help them digest
cellulose in plants.
13.12 Photosynthesis
13.12 Photosynthesis
13-13. Lipids

Soap Molecule
with Polar head Saturated and
and non-polar tail Unsaturated Fatty Acid
13-13. Lipids
 13-14. Proteins
The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure
in proteins:
On first inspection, this structure appears to be
connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It
should therefore be as flexible as a simple
hydrocarbon chain.
Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not
occur by bending bonds, and the normal
tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are
maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained
by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:
13-15 Soil Nitrogen
 13-16. Nucleic Acids
. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence
of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.
13-17. Origin of Life
 2001 Space Odyssey

HAL 9000
Where did Clarke and Kuberick
get the name HAL?
IBM
IBM thought Hardware would be King!
Net worth in 2013 $112.5 billion.
Who really became King?
Bill Gates software MS DOS!
Net worth $72.6 billion in 2013
Microsoft Net worth $290
billion in 2013
.
13-17. Origin of Life
 13-16. Nucleic Acids
. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence
of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.
 Intelligent Design
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CwL7xXUriE#t=23

DNA
Moon same size as the sun to us
Atmosphere
Magnetic field
Just right size for the right gravity
Just the right distance from the sun
Titius -Bode Law-planetary distances from sun have a pattern
Dark energy and matter
Patterns in electron energy levels
The brain-greatest brain authority says we know nothing
The eye-seeing only colors
Only 4 basic forces?? What about Intelligence?
What are the 4 forces and where do they come from?
There is no evidence that one species has changed into another
Tunneling affect of electrons
Not enough time for man to evolve by chance (14 billion years)
Paranormal evidence