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Departemen Biokimia
Fakultas Kedikteran Unsoed
Basic unit = neuron
1. Neurons
2. Muscle
3. Glands
Supporting the neurons are glial cells of different
types and functions
5 type of glial cells : • Menempati ruangan antar neuron
• schwan cell, • provide physical and metabolic
• oligodendrosit, support
• mikroglia, • Assist in the clearance of overspilled
neurotransmitter
• ependimal cell
• Help organize the differentiation of
• Astrosit the brain
• Directly augment the function of
The number of glial cell 10x neurons, as in the case of the Schwann
greater than neuron cell
• Not electrically active
Myelin in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems
Protein
Glycogenesis Amino synthesis
Glucose acids
Fat Lipogenesis
Lipogenesis
Metabolism in
most tissues Brain
Excess nutrients metabolism
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22-2
Neurons are highly polarized cells that propagate nerve impulse / action
potentials from the axon hillock to the axon terminal
When new information is received by the first neuron, it creates an electrical impulse
Electrical impuls can travel through the body without a significant loss of impulse strength.
Such unique features are based on semi-permeable excitable membranes that
alter permeation to small chemical molecules and to cations.
Neurons
When the action potential reaches the axon
terminals it sends a signal to the next cell via a
synapse (see later) or similar structure.
Muscle contraction
Hormone release
Released by:
All neurons that stimulate
skeletal muscle
Some neurons in the
autonomic nervous
system
Binds to cholinergic
receptors :
nicotinic or muscarinic
receptors
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl CoA and choline
As soon as acetylcholine is
synthesized, it is stored within
synaptic vesicles
hydrolyzed in the synaptic cleft by
acetylcholinesterase (choline is
reused by Na+/ choline symporter)
Signaling at the Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Characteristic features : weakened skeletal muscles that tire with very little
exertion.
MG is an auto-immune disease associated with antibodies to muscle type
nicotinic receptors. Binding of the antibodies to the receptor results in
receptor destruction
In most patients : there is a 70%–90% reduction in motor end plate nicotinic
receptor number.
Treatment : acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The use of these types of drugs
allows for enhanced levels of ACh at the motor end plate during repeated
muscle stimulation.
Amino acid neurotransmitters