3.

Process
Equipment
Sizing
1
3.1.
Mixing Tank

2
  Vessel Dimension
 Volume Tank
How to Estimate?
For safety reason working volume is 80% from
total volume, so wee need to calculate total volume
of the tank (100%).
  Tank Height
Total Volume Tank (VT):
Ratio of diameter and height (D:H) is 1:5,
Head and pedestal of ellipsoidal tank with minor
 Tank Diameter
axis ratio 2:1,
Diameter and height can calculated using
comparison of height and vessel ratio. Ratio of
diameter and height (D:H) is 1:5. The fermentor tank
will use ellipsoidal head bottom and top.

3
•  Pressure Design

  Thickness of Cylinder
 Corrosion factor (C) (Chuse & Eber, 1954) :
Safety factors for pressure = 20% 0.0420
 Allowable working stress (S)
(Brownell&Young,1979): 107,558 kPa
 Efficiency of connection (E) (Double welded
butt joint): 85%
• Impeller Design  Approximate age of equipment: 15 years
Rule of thumb for impeller design from Wallas, 1988
is:
Da : Dt = 1 : 3, Wa :Da = 1 : 8, C : Dt = 1 : 3 • Thickness of Head

Da : Diameter of agitator

Dt: diameter of tank

Wa : Width agitator
C : Distance between base and impeller

4
 Mixing Molasses Mixing Nutrient
Design Specification Design Specification
Type Cylindrical tank with ellipsoidal  Type Cylindrical tank with ellipsoidal 
top and bottom  top and bottom 
Material Carbon Steel A285 Grade A  Material Carbon Steel A285 Grade A 
Volume 104,99 m3  Volume 8,25 m3 
Tank Diameter 4,06 m  Tank Diameter 1,74 m 
Tank Height 8,12 m  Tank Height 4,35 m 
Cylinder Height 10,15 m  Cylinder Height 3,48 m 
Ellipsoidal Height 2,0294 m  Ellipsoidal Height 0,869 m 
Wall Thickness 4,43 mm  Wall Thickness 2,86 mm 
Head Thickness 4,43 mm  Head Thickness 2,86 mm 
Stirrer Design Stirrer Design
Impeller type propeller  Impeller type propeller 
Impeller diameter 1.35 m  Impeller diameter 0,58 m 
Impeller to bottom 1.35 m  Impeller to bottom 0,58 m 
Baffle diameter 0.34 m  Baffle diameter 0.14 m 
Impeller speed 15 rpm  Impeller speed 15 rpm 
Utilities Utilities
Power 0,08 kW  Power 0,0012 kW 
5
3.2.
P&F Filter and
Ion Exchange
Chromatography
6
 P&F Filter IEX Chromatography
Equipment Specifications Equipment Specifications
Equipment Name Plate and Frame Filtration Equipment Name Ion Exchange Chromatography
Equipment Code PFF-101 Equipment Code IE-101
Separate bulk impurities from cane 
Function Remove metal components from cane 
molasses Function
molasses
Number of Unit 1
Type Hydraulic pressure/mechanical pressure Number of Unit 1
Operation Data Type Chromatography
Temperature ≤100oC Operation Data
Pressure 600kPa Temperature ≤100oC
Flow rates 16,742.222 kg/hour Pressure <500 kPa
Construction Data Flow rates < 1 mL/min
Filter Area 400 m2
Construction Data
Length 10,945 mm
Width 1,960 mm Filter Area < 0,8 miuL
Height 2,050 mm Length 500 mm
Total volume of filter cell  6,000 L Width 500 mm
Number of filter plates 103 Height 760 mm
Number of filter  cells 104 Eluent Concentration <120 mM
The thickness of filter cake 30
Weight  48 kg
Weight 22,810 kg
Diameter of feed pipe 150 mm
Diameter of feed pipe 150 mm
Diameter of filtrate pipe 90 mm
Diameter of filtrate pipe 90 mm
Motor Power 3 kW Motor Power 150 W
7
3.3.
Heat Sterillizer

8
 How to Estimate?
◎ Physical
1.   properties needed are pressure, temperature, heat capacity
(Cp), conductivity (k), density (ρ) and viscosity (μ).
2. Assume the value of overall heat transfer coefficient for the first
guess
3. Calculate the Log Mean Temperature Different (LMTD)
Δ�1 = (�2−�1)
Δ�2 = (�1−�2)

◎ Determine the tube and shell properties

◎ Calculate Heat Transfer Coefficient in Tube and Shell 

◎ Calculate Overall Heat Transfer coefficient

9
 Molasses Sterillization Nutrients Sterillization
Unit Heat Sterilization Unit Heat Sterilization
Operating Condition Operating Condition
Data Shell Side Tube Side Data Shell Side Tube Side
Fluid Stream Cold Fluid Hot Fluid Fluid Stream Cold Fluid Hot Fluid
Fluid Flow (kg/h) 117.14 3122 Fluid Flow (kg/h) 14711.41 3122
Temperature in (oC) 25 30 Temperature in (oC) 25 30
Temperature out (oC) 50 50,10 Temperature out (oC) 50 50.10
Operating Pressure  Operating Pressure 
101.32 101.32 101.32 101.32
(kPa) (kPa)
Number of passes 5 2 Number of passes 5 2
LMTD (oC) 22.45 LMTD (oC) 22.45
Dimension Dimension
Type of unit Fixed Tube Type of unit Fixed Tube
Material Carbon Steel Material Carbon Steel
Heat Transfer Area  Heat Transfer Area 
0.003 1509
(m2) (m2)
Tube OD (mm) 19.05 Tube OD (mm) 19.05
Tube Length (m) 4.88 Tube Length (m) 4.88
Shell ID  (m) 0.015 Shell ID  (m) 15.85
Tube Pitch (mm) 0.023 Tube Pitch (mm) 23.812
Tube Thickness  Tube Thickness 
1,5145 1722
(mm) (mm)
Number of Tubes 64 Number of Tubes 72
Tube Arrangement Triangular Tube Arrangement Triangular

10
3.4.
Seed Fermenter
and Fermenter

11
Seed Fermenter
Equipment Specifications
Equipment Name Seed Fermenter
Equipment Code SF-101
Cultivating log phase  Design Specification
growth of Aspergillus Material Stainless Steel 316
Function Diameter (m) 1.05
niger to ferment and 
Height (m) 5.23
produce Citric Acid Shell Thickness (m) 0.03
Equipment Stirrer Head Thickness (m) 0.00086
Amount 2 Agitator
Operation Data Impeller Type Propeller
Mode of Operation Batch Diameter (m) 0.70
Temperature (°C) 30 Agitator Blade Width (m) 0.08
Pressure (bar) 1.013 Distance from Tank  1.74
Flow Rate (m3/h) 0.03
Bottom
Fermentation Time (h) 72
Agitation Speed (rpm) 15
Max Allowable Working 
80
Volume (%)
Min Allowable Working 
15
Volume (%)

12
Fermenter
Equipment Specifications
Equipment Name Fermenter Design Specification
Equipment Code F-101 Stainless Steel
Ferment Aspergillus Material
16 Cr, 12 Ni, 2 Mo
Function niger fungus to  Diameter (m) 2.65
produce Citric Acid Height (m) 13.24
Equipment Stirrer Shell Thickness (m) 0.15
Amount 10 Head Thickness (m) 0.003
Operation Data Agitator
Mode of Operation Batch Impeller Type Propeller
Temperature (°C) 30 Diameter (m) 0.88
Pressure (bar) 1.013 Agitator Blade 
Flow Rate (m3/h) 0.499 0.11
Width (m)
Fermentation Time (h) 120 Distance from Tank 
Max Allowable  4.41
80 Bottom
Working Volume (%) Agitation Speed 
Min Allowable Working  15
15 (rpm)
Volume (%)

13
3.5.
Rotary Vacuum
Filter

14
 Equipment Specifications Operation Data
Equipment Name Rotary Vacuum Filter Mode of 
Continuous
Removing biomass from  Operation
RVF-201 Working 
fermentation broth  0.2 
Function RVF-202 Calcium Citrate recovery Pressure (bar)
Removing gypsum formed  Percent 
RVF-203 100%
from reaction Removed
RVF-201 5 Cake Porosity 0.4 v/v
Filter Cloth  Cake Wash 
RVF-202 8 Water
Size (Mesh) Stream
RVF-203 20
Filtration Area (m2) 30
Drum Diameter (mm) 2640
Drum Length (mm) 3680
Equipment Specifications
Rotating Speed (r/min) 0.1-1.5
Drive Motor (kW) 4
Total Weight (kg) 8420
Outer Dimension (LxWxH) 4800x4380x2940

15
3.6.
Neutralization
Tank

16
1. Neutralization Tank (Precipitation)
Equipment Specifications
Equipment Name Precipitation Tank Design Specification
Equipment Code N-201 Material Stainless Steel 316
Forming Calcium  Diameter (m) 1.26
Function Citrate salt using  Height (m) 6.71
Shell Thickness (m) 0.052
Lime
Head Thickness (m) 0.002
Equipment Stirrer
Agitator
Amount 3 Impeller Type Propeller
Operation Data Diameter (m) 0.419
Mode of Operation Batch Agitator Blade 
Temperature (°C) 30 0.052
Pressure (bar) 1.013 Width (m)
Flow Rate (m3/h) 1.865 Distance from Tank 
2.096
Residence Time (h) 3 Bottom
Max Allowable  Agitation Speed 
15
Working Volume  80 (rpm)
(%)
Min Allowable 
Working Volume  15
(%)

17
2. Neutralization Tank (Gypsum Formation)
Equipment Specifications
Gypsum Formation Design Specification
Equipment Name Stainless Steel
Tank Material
Equipment Code N-202 16 Cr, 12 Ni, 2 Mo
Recovery of Citric Diameter (m) 0.998
Acid from Calcium Height (m) 4.99
Function Shell Thickness 
Citrate using Sulfuric 0.036
Acid (m)
Equipment Stirrer Head Thickness 
0.0019
Amount 2 (m)
Operation Data Agitator
Mode of Operation Batch Impeller Type Propeller
Temperature (°C) 30 Diameter (m) 0.333
Pressure (bar) 1.013 Agitator Blade 
0.041
Flow Rate (m3/h) 0.657 Width (m)
Residence Time (h) 3 Distance from Tank 
1.663
Max Allowable Bottom
80
Working Volume (%) Agitation Speed 
Min Allowable 15
15 (rpm)
Working Volume (%)

18
3.7.
Crystallizer

19
 General information
Equipment Name Crystallizer
Equipment Code CR-201
Quantity 1
Function Crystallizing citric acid
Material Stainless Steel
Mode of Operation Continuous
Type of System Closed system
Operation Data
T 40
P 151,950
Density 1236,24
Mass Flowrate
Mass Flowrate 503,149
503,149
Volumetric Flowrate
Volumetric Flowrate 0,407
0,407
Construction Information
Construction Information
Capacity
Capacity 2,79
2,79
Diameter
Diameter 1,124
1,124
Height 2,810
Height 2,810
3.8.
Rotary Dryer

21
 General information
Equipment Name Rotary Drier
Equipment Code DR-101
Quantity 1
Function Drying citric acid crystal
Material Stainless Steel
Mode of Operation Continuous
Type of System Closed system
Operation Data
T 110
P 101,3
Mass Flowrate 332,848
Volumetric Flowrate
Volumetric Flowrate 0,334
0,334

Moisture Content Inlet
Moisture Content Inlet 0
0

Moisture Content Outlet
Moisture Content Outlet %
% 3,513
3,513

Construction Information
Construction Information
Volume
Volume 5,072
5,072
Diameter
Diameter 1,089
1,089
Length
Length 5,445
5,445
Drum Area 18,630
Drum Area 18,630
3.9.
Storage Tanks

23
Molasses Storage Raw Water Storage Biomass Storage

Lime Storage Sulfuric Acid  Citric Acid Storage

Storage
24
3.10.
Pump,
Compressor, and
Air Filter

25
 How to Estimate?
There are several steps to sizing pump.
 
• Find out physical properties of the stream which will go into
the pump and other information needed in the calculation
(mass flow, pressure inlet, pressure output, vapor pressure,
temperature, density, static head, pipe length after pump).
• By using these formula below, we get the information of
Power, Head, and NPSHa of each pump:
• Assumptions:
   Pump efficiency 75%,
 The terms of velocity difference neglected due to its
small number
 No fitting
• The pump power requirement can be calculated by
equation below.

where � is mass flow, g is gravity acceleration, and H

is head.
• The or BHP (brake horse power) is calculated by equation
below.
 Equipment Specifications Equipment Specifications
Equipment Name Gas Compressor Equipment Name Gas Compressor
Equipment Code C-101 Equipment Code C-102
Compressing air to  Compressing  air  to 
supply the required  provide and make sure 
Function Function
oxygen demand of  that  the  drying  process 
aerobic fermentation works effectively
Amount 1
Amount 1
Material Stainless steel
Material Stainless steel
Operation Data
Operation Data
Inlet Temperature (ºC) 25
Inlet Temperature (ºC) 25
Outlet Temperature  Outlet  Temperature 
40 40
(ºC) (ºC)
Pressure Inlet (bar) 1.013 Pressure Inlet (bar) 1.013
Pressure Outlet (bar) 6.013 Pressure Outlet (bar) 6.013
Maximum Working  Maximum  Working 
12 12
Pressure (bar) Pressure (bar)

Inlet Flow Rate (m3/h) 787 Inlet Flow Rate (m3/h) 787

Efficiency (%) 75 Efficiency (%) 75

Power (kW) 37 Power (kW) 37
28
 Equipment Specifications Equipment Specifications
Equipment Name Cartridge Air Filter
Equipment Name Cartridge Air Filter
Equipment Code FL-101
Filtering  the  air  to  Equipment Code FL-102
supply  sterile  aeration 
Function Filtering  the  air  to  supply 
in  the  fermentation 
Function sterile  drying  source  in  the 
process 
rotary drier 
Amount 1
Body Material Stainless steel 316L Amount 1

Body Material Stainless steel 316L
Cartridges Length (m) 0.51
Cartridges Length (m) 1.02
Outlet/inlet type Flange
Outlet/inlet type Flange
Filter medium material Microfiber
Filter medium material Microfiber
Filter Porosity 0.2 μm
Filter Porosity 0.2 μm
Operation Data
Operation Data
Inlet Temperature (ºC) 25
Inlet Temperature (ºC) 25

Outlet Temperature  Outlet Temperature (ºC) 40
40
(ºC)
Filtration Area (m2) 0.65 m2 per 10  inch
Filtration Area (m2) 0.65 m2 per 10  inch
Maximum Working 
Maximum Working  6
6 Pressure (bar)
Pressure (bar)
Power (kW) 18 Power (kW) 18
29
3.11.
Steam Boiler

30
 
1. Volume of the furnace
The volume is calculated through the value of qv, 
from the equation below. 

31
2.
  Furnace height (Hfu + Hb) and heat transfer 3.
  Furnace length and width (a and b)
area (Fgrate)  

32
 Unit: B-501
Component Value Unit
Heat Release Rate per Unit Volume
ṁc 2 kg/h
ṁc 0.001 kg/s
LHV (for Natural Gas) 47130 kJ/kg
qv 350.00 kW/m3
V 0.1 m3
Heat Release Rate per Unit Cross Sectional Area
ṁc 2 kg/h
ṁc 0.001 kg/s
qf 2130.0 kW/m3
Fgrate 0.014 m2
Hfu+Hb 6.086  m
Heat Release Rate per Unit Wall Area of Burner
qb 1400 kW/m3
b 0.113 m
Hb 0.045 m
Hfu 6.041 m
a 0.125 m
Type of Burner
Power produced 81400.304 kW
Determination of Furnace Size
α 30.000  
β 45.000  
γ 50.000  
E 0.800 m
d 0.011 m
Furnace Material
Inner case material SS-304
Furnace wall Fire brick
33
3.12.
Water Treatment

34
 Specifications
Specifications
Name Bag Filter for Water Treatment
Name Bag Filter for Water Treatment
Vendor JCI Technology Co., Ltd. Specifications
Vendor
Place of Origin JCI Technology Co., Ltd.
Shanghasi, Chinna Name Water Tower Storage Tank
Material Stainless Steel Shenzhen Puxin Technology Co., 
Place of Origin Shanghasi, Chinna Vendor
Size 230*225*900 mm Ltd.
Material
Capacity Stainless Steel
316 L Place of Origin Guangdong, China
Filter Accuracy
Size 0.5 m
230*225*900 mm Material Stainless Steel
Applicable Viscosity 1 - 20000 cp Capacity 200000 L
Capacity 316 L Amount 7
Flow Rate 1 – 1000 
Filter Accuracy
Pressure 0.6 - 1 Mpa
Applicable Viscosity 1 - 20000 cp
Flow Rate
Pressure 0.6 - 1 Mpa

35
3.13.
Wastewater
Treatment

36
 Static Screen Filter
Specifications
Specifications
Name Static Screen
Name Static Screen
Vendor JCI, Shanghai, China
Vendor
Material JCI, Shanghai, China
Stainless Steel Equalization Tank
Material
Dimension Stainless Steel
230*225*900 mm Specifications
Name Equalization Tank
Flowrate
Dimension 1000 
230*225*900 mm Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology 
Filter Precision 0.5 m Vendor
Flowrate Co., Ltd
Material Double enamel steel sheet
Filter Precision Ph 1 - 14
Coating 
0.25 – 0.4 mm
Thickness
Adhesion 3.45 N/cm
Hardness 6 Mohs

37
 Dissolved
Dissolved Air
Air Flotation
Flotation Machine
Machine
Specifications
Specifications
Name Flotation Separator
Name
Vendor Flotation Separator
Hongji
Dimension
Vendor 2200*2900*140 mm
Hongji
Voltage 220 V
Dimension
Power 2200*2900*140 mm
30 kW
Tank Capacity
Voltage 8 
220 V
Diameter Impeller 760 mm
Power 30 kW
Production Capability 8 /min
Tank Capacity
Rotate Speed of Impeller 191 r/min
Diameter Impeller 760 mm
Production Capability
Rotate Speed of Impeller 191 r/min
Storage Tank
Specifications
Name Water Storage Tank
Vendor Yangzhou Lianhe Chemical Machinery Co., Ltd.
Volume 5000L
Thickness 3 mm

38
 4. Process
Control Strategy
39
4.1.
P&ID

40
41
42
43
44
4.2.
Control
Instrumentation

45
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
The level transmitter will 
Digital level  Level  send an electric signal to 
Maintaining  Level
indicator controller the level controller; 
contents of 
Inlet stream  which compares the 
mixing 
Mixing  M-101 flow rate (input  Diaphragm  measured level with its 
1 substrate 
Tank M-102 from previous  valve setpoint and sends 
and nutrients 
process) Flow  signal to the control 
for  Flowrate Flowmeter
controller valve on each 
fermentation
appropriate stream to 
adjust the flow rate.
The pressure transmitter 
will send an electric 
signal to the pressure 
Plate and  Maintaining  Differential  controller; which 
Inlet stream  Pressure  Diaphragm 
2 Frame  PFF-101 Filter  Pressure pressure  compares the measured 
flow rate controller valve
Filter Pressure indicator pressure with its setpoint 
and sends signal to 
control valve on stream 
to adjust the flow rate.

46
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
The temperature 
transmitter will send an 
electric signal to the 
temperature controller; 
Maintaining 
Heat  E-101  Temperature  Inlet stream  Temperature  Diaphragm  which compares the 
3 temperature of  Temperature
Sterilizer E-102 indicator from utility controller valve measured temperature 
Heat Sterilizer
with its setpoint and 
sends signal to control 
valve on stream to adjust 
the flow rate.
The level transmitter will 
send an electric signal to 
Maintaining  Inlet stream  the level controller; which 
Seed  contents of flow rate  compares the measured 
SF-101 Digital level  Level  Diaphragm 
4 Fermenter  fermenter or  Level (input from  level with its setpoint and 
F-101 indicator controller valve
Fermenter seed  previous  sends signal to the 
fermenter process) control valve on each 
appropriate streams  to 
adjust the flow rate.

47
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
The pressure transmitter 
will send an electric signal 
RVF-
to the pressure controller; 
201
Maintaining  Differential  which compares the 
Rotary  RVF- Inlet stream  Pressure  Diaphragm 
5 RVF  Pressure pressure  measured pressure with 
Vacuum Filter 202 flow rate controller valve
Pressure indicator its setpoint and sends 
RVF-
signal the control valve on 
203
stream 15 to adjust the 
flow rate.
The analyzer transmitter 
will send an electric signal 
to the analyzer controller; 
Input flow 
Maintaining  which compares the 
Neutrallization  N-201 rate of  Diaphragm 
6 concentratio Concentration pH meter pH controller measured concentration 
Tank N-202 neutrallizing  valve
n with its setpoint and 
agent(s)
sends signal to the 
control valve to adjust the 
flow rate

48
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
Moisture content of the 
outlet will make the 
Maintaining  analyser transmitter 
temperature  Tempeature  Analyser  Diaphragm  send electrical signal 
7 Crystallizer CR-201 Temperature Temperature
crystallizing  Indicator controller valve which compare with its 
process setpoint and send 
signal to raise 
operation temperature.
Moisture content of the 
outlet air will make the 
Maintaining  analyser transmitter 
temperature  Temperature  Analyser  send electrical signal 
8 Rotary Dryer DR-101 Temperature Temperature Alarm
from drying  Indicator controller which compare with its 
process setpoint and send 
signal warn the 
operator.

49
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
Level of the content 
will make the level 
transmitter send 
Molasses  Maintaining  Level 
Digital level  Amount of  Level  electrical signal 
9 Storage  TK-101 molasses  Level indicator 
indicator molasses alarm which compare with 
Tank content controller
its setpoint and send 
signal warn the 
operator.
Level of the content 
will make the level 
transmitter send 
Raw Water  Maintaining  Level 
Digital level  Amount of  Level  electrical signal 
10 Storage  TK-102 raw water  Level indicator 
indicator water alarm which compare with 
Tank content controller
its setpoint and send 
signal warn the 
operator.

50
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
Level of the content 
will make the level 
Maintaining  transmitter send 
Biomass  Level 
biomass  Digital level  Amount of  Level  electrical signal 
11 Storage  TK-201 Level indicator 
content from  indicator biomass alarm which compare with 
Tank controller
overflow its setpoint and send 
signal warn the 
operator.
Level of the content 
will make the level 
transmitter send 
Lime 33%  Level 
Maintaining  Digital level  Amount of  Level  electrical signal 
12 Storage  TK-202 Level indicator 
lime content indicator lime alarm which compare with 
Tank controller
its setpoint and send 
signal warn the 
operator.

51
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
The analyser 
transmitter will send 
an electric signal to 
Maintaining  the analyser 
Lime 33% 
lime  Concentratio Amount of  Analyser  controller; which 
13 Storage  TK-202 pH meter Alarm
concentratio n lime  controller compares the 
Tank
n measured 
concentration with its 
setpoint and sends a 
warning alarm signal.
Level of the content 
will make the level 
transmitter send 
Sulfuric Acid  Maintaining  Digital  Level 
Amount of  Level  electrical signal 
14 Storage  TK-203 sulfuric acid  Level level  indicator 
sulfuric acid alarm which compare with 
Tank content indicator controller
its setpoint and send 
signal warn the 
operator.

52
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
The analyser 
transmitter will send 
an electric signal to 
Sulfuric  the analyser 
Maintaining 
Acid  Concentratio Amount of  Analyser  controller; which 
15 TK-203 sulfuric acid  pH meter Alarm
Storage  n sulfuric acid controller compares the 
concentration
Tank measured 
concentration with its 
setpoint and sends a 
warning alarm signal.
Level of the content 
will make the level 
Maintaining 
transmitter send 
Citric Acid  finished citric  Digital  Level 
Amount of  Level  electrical signal 
16 Storage  TK-205 acid content  Level level  indicator 
citric acid alarm which compare with 
Tank from  indicator controller
its setpoint and send 
overflowing
signal warn the 
operator.

53
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable
The flow transmitter 
will send an electric 
signal to the flow 
Controlling 
controller; which 
the flow of 
Flow  Stream inlet  Flow  Diaphrag compares the 
the stream to  Flow rate
meter flow rate controller m valve measured flow rate 
prevent feed 
with its setpoint and 
loss in boiler
sends signal the to 
the control to adjust 
the flow rate.
The temperature 
17 Boiler B-501
transmitter will send 
Controlling 
an electric signal to 
the 
the temperature 
temperature 
controller; which 
of stream  Natural gas  Tempreatu
Thermoc Diaphrag compares the 
output boiler  Temperature stream  re 
ouple m valve measured 
to ensure the  temperature controller
temperature with its 
boiler output 
setpoint and sends 
has become 
signal the control 
steam
valve to adjust the 
flow rate

54
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable

Level of the content will make 
the level transmitter send 
Maintaining  Level 
Raw Water  Digital level  Amount of  electrical signal which 
18 TK-301 raw water  Level indicator  Level alarm
Storage indicator water compare with its setpoint and 
content controller
send signal warn the 
operator.

Controlling  Analyzer 
Amount of  The transmitter will send an 
outlet flow  Flow rate Flow meter indicator 
oxygen electric signal to the 
rate controller
controller; which compares 
C-101 Diaphragm  the measured concentration 
19 Compressor
C-102 valve with its setpoint and sends 
signal the control valve on the 
Controlling  stream to adjust the air  flow 
Air  Temperature  rate.
outlet  Temperature Thermocouple
Temperature controller
temperature

55
 Controlled  Manipulated 
No. Unit Operation Sensor Controller Actuator Mechanism
Variable Variable

The level transmitter will 
send an electric signal to 
Treated  Maintaining  the level controller; which 
Digital  Amount of  Level 
Water  storage  Diaphragm  compares the measured 
20 ST-101 Level Level  reboiler  indicator 
Storage  tank’s  valve level with its setpoint and 
Indicator water controller
Tank content sends electric signal to the 
controller to open the 
valve.

56