Pump 16 Mechanical

BY
Engineer Qamar Abbas Kazi Assistant Professor Mechanical Department

Quest Nawabshah
Subject Fluid Mechanics ii
What is a pump?
 Pump is defined as a mechanical device that rotates or
reciprocates to move fluid from one place to another.
 It converts Prime mover energy (electric motor or
diesel engine) by shaft or belt in to mechanical energy,
then mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
( flow energy means flow rate and pressure energy ).
Need Of a Pump
 Used to pump a liquid from lower pressure area to a
High pressure area.
 To increase Flow rate.
 To move liquid from lower elevation to higher

elevation.
Different types of pump
Pumps
Hydrostatic or
Hydro
positive
Dynamic
displacement pump
Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial

Principle of Operation
 Dynamic Pump: . In dynamic pumps, energy is
added to the fluid continuously through the rotary
motion of the blades. This increase in energy is
converted to a gain in Pressure Energy when the
liquid is allowed to pass through an increased area.
Classification of Centrifugal pump
 Working head:
 Low lift centrifugal pumps: they work against heads up to
15m.
 Medium lift centrifugal pumps: they works up to 40m.
 High lift centrifugal head: they work above 40m head.
 Liquid handled:
 closed impeller( pure water)
 Semi-open impeller(impure
with debris)
 open impeller(suspended solid
as sewage, paper pulp and sand)
 Number of impeller per shaft:
 Single stage centrifugal pump….. One impeller for low lift.
 Multi-stage centrifugal pump….. Two or more impeller for high
lift/ head and high discharge.
• Number of entrance to the impeller…
 single entry or single suction pump….. Water admitted one side of
the impeller.
 Double acting or double suction pump…… water enter both side
of impeller to neutralized the thrust of water.
• Relative direction of flow through impeller….
 Radial flow: high head low flow rate(water enters in radial
direction to impeller and leaves axial to vanes of impeller)
 Axial flow: low head high flow rate( water axially enter and leaves
axially)
Centrifugal Pump
 Working Principle:
Works on the principle of centrifugal force. This is the
force that pushes the liquid away from the centre(in
tangential direction with impeller).
Converting Prime Mover energy into Mechanical energy
through shaft .
Converting Mechanical energy into fluid energy
impeller.
Converting kinetic Energy into pressure
energy through the volute casing.
COMPONENTS
Impeller
Casing
Suction pipe
Foot valve and strainer
Delivery pipe
ROTATING COMPONENTS
Impeller:
The impeller is the main rotating part that
provides the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.
Types of impeller:
 Open impeller,
 Closed impeller,
 semi-closed impeller,
Shaft:
Its purpose is to transmit the torques
encountered when starting and during
operation.
STATIONARY COMPONENTS
 Casing:
The main purpose of casing is to convert
kinetic energy into pressure energy. Casings are generally of
three types:
a) Volute
b) Vortex
c) Casing with guide blades
 A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the

discharge port. As the area of the cross-section increases,
the volute reduces the speed of the liquid and increases the
pressure of the liquid.
Vortex Casing :A circular chamber is introduced between
casing and impeller. The vortex chamber increase the pressure
energy than again volute chamber increase energy second time
that’s why efficiency of pump is increased.
Casing with guide blades: have stationary diffusion

vanes surrounding the impeller periphery that convert
velocity energy to pressure energy.
Conventionally, the diffusers are applied to multi-stage
pumps.
 Suction pipe : The pipe which connects at eye of the
impeller to sump from which liquid is to be lifted is
known as suction pipe.
 Foot Valve and Strainer: Foot valve is fitted at bottom
of suction valve to control the liquid when pump isn't
operation condition. It is also called uni-directional or
non-flow device which does not permit the liquid to
drain out from suction pipe and help in priming.
And strainer is a filter which resist the debris and
gross or contaminated liquid which causes of failure of
impeller and casing.
 Delivery pipe: The pipe which is connected at its lower
end to the outlet of the pump and it deliver the liquid
to the required height .
WORK DONE
 Work is done by the impeller on the water
W.D=[ V w 2 U 2 - V w 1 U 1 ] / g
where,
W.D=work done per unit wg. of water per sec.
Vw2=whirl component of absolute vel. of jet at
outlet.
U2=tangential vel. of impeller at outlet.
Vw1=whirl component of absolute vel. of jet at
inlet.
U1=tangential vel. of impeller at inlet.
As water comes radially :
Guide blade angle at inlet α=900
VW1=0
then
W.D=V w 2 U 2 / g
HEADS IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 Suction Head:- Vertical height of center line of centrifugal
pump above the water surface to the pump from which
water to be lifted.
 Delivery Head:- Vertical distance between center line of the
pump and the water surface in the tank to which water is
delivered.
 Static Head:- Sum of suction head and delivery head.
H static = Hs + Hd
 Manometric Head:- The head against which a centrifugal
pump has to work. It is the head measured across the pump
inlet and outlet flanges.
 Hm = head developed by impeller to liquid – loss of head in
pump (impeller and casing)
 Hm = V w 2 U 2 / g - ( hLi+hLc ) head loss in impeller & casing
 Hm=( hs+hd )+(hfs+hfd ) +(V2d)/2g
Losses in Centrifugal pump
 Hydraulic losses:
 eddy losses at entrance and exit from the impeller.
 losses due to friction in the impeller.
 Friction and eddy losses in guide vanes , diffuser and
casing.
 Mechanical losses:
 losses pertaining to friction of the main bearing and
glands.
 Leakage losses: The loss of energy due to leakage of
liquid is called leakage losses.
EFFICIENCES
 Manometric efficiency:-The ratio of Manometric head
developed by the pump to the head imparted by impeller
to liquid.
=Hm /(Vw2 u2/g) = Hm g/ Vw2 u2
 Mechanical efficiency :-The ratio of power delivered by the
impeller to the liquid to the power input to the pump shaft.
= WQ Hm/P
=[W(Q+q) Vw2u2/g] / (power input to the
pump shaft P)
= P mech: losses / P
 Volumetric efficiency:- The ratio of quantity of liquid discharged
per second from pump to quantity passing through impeller per
second.
=Q/Q+q
q = leakage losses per second from impeller and casing clearance.
 Overall Efficiency:-Ratio of power output of the pump to power

input to the pump or shaft.
= wQHm/P
=WQHm/P
 Why Centrifugal Pumps Need Priming?
Centrifugal pumps does not create suction at the start without

impeller filled with water. Hence Priming required . Priming is the
process in which the impeller of a centrifugal pump will get fully sub
merged in liquid without any air trap inside. This is especially
required when there is a first start up. But it is advisable to start the
pump only after primping.
 Small pump: are usually primed by pouring liquid into the
funnel provided for the purpose.
 Large pump: are primed by evacuating the casing and the

suction pipe by a vacuum pump or by an ejector.
 Self priming pumps: The internal construction of some

pump is such that special arrangements containing a supply
of liquid are provided in the suction pipe due to which
automatic priming of the pump occurs.
Multistage Centrifugal Pumps.
In order to achieve higher discharge and pressure
multiple impellers are used within a single pump,
depending upon the requirement.
 Pump in Series: To produced heads greater than that
permissible with a single impeller discharge remaining
constant ,that can be achieved by series arrangement, where
in the impeller are mounted on the same shaft and enclosed
in same casing.
 Pump in parallel: To discharge a large quantity of liquid ,

head remaining same, that task is a accomplished by parallel
arrangement , when impeller are mounted on separate shaft.
Parallel and series pump
Operational difficulties in C.P
 Pump fail to start pumping:
 pump may not be properly primed
 Pump working head is very high as compare to its designed
head.
 Impeller may be clogged so clean the impeller.
 The rotation of impeller may be in wrong direction.
 Too high suction lift so reduce it.
 low speed of impeller by prime mover.
 Pump is not working up-to capacity:
 Leakage of air into pump.
 Due to wearing and tearing some parts are damaged which
replace worn out parts.
 Pump has very low efficiency:
 Speed may be too high.
 Head may be too low and the pump delivers the liquid in
large quantity( reduce the discharge or pump change).
 shaft may be bent, impeller may be misaligned and touch
the casing or wearing rings may be worn so repair the
effected parts.
CAVITATION
It is a phenomena of formation of vapor bubble where
the pressure falls below the vapor pressure of flowing
liquid .
Collapsing of vapor bubble causes results in pitting
action on metallic surface.
Erosion, noise & vibration are produced.
EFFECT OF CAVITATION
Metallic surface are damaged & cavities are formed.
Efficiency , Head and power of pump decreases.
Unwanted noise and vibrations are produced.
 = Ha – Hs – Hv / Hm or Hnps / Hm
 Example: test on pump model indicate a Cavitation
parameter = 0.10. A homologous unit is to be installed
at a location where atmospheric pressure = 0.91 bar
and vapour pressure is = 0.035 bar absolute and is to
pump water against a head of 25m. What is the
maximum permissible suction head?
Sol:  = 0.10
P a = 0.91 bar or Ha = 0.91 105 / 9810 = 9.27 m of water
Hv = = 0.035 bar or Hv = = 0.035 105 /9810 = 0.356 m
Hm = 25 m
 = Ha – Hs – Hv / Hm
Hs = 6.41m
 Example: find the height from the water surface at
which a centrifugal pump may be installed in the
following case to avoid Cavitation.
Atmospheric pressure = 1.01 bar vapour pressure 0.22
bar, inlet and other losses in suction pipe = 1.42m,
effective head of pump is = 49m and Cavitation
parameters is = 0.115.
 = Ha – (Hs + hfs)– Hv / Hm
Hs = 3.01 m
Net Positive Suction Head
The pump has a NPSH requirement in order to prevent
Cavitation damage occurring and causing severe
damage.
 The head b/w sump to pump inlet which should be in
positive to required head of pump.
The NPSH depends upon the pump design, speed and

discharge.
NPSHA  NPSHr
 Otherwise (if NPSHA < NPSHpump), the pressure at the
pump inlet will drop to that of the vapor pressure of the
fluid being moved and the fluid will vaporize.
 The resulting gas bubbles will collapse inside the pump as

the pressure decreases. These implosions occur at the
impeller and can lead to pump damage and decreased
efficiency.
 suction height is usually limited from 7 – 8 m, otherwise

due to altitude atmospheric pressure decreased.
Positive displacement pump or
hydrostatic pump
Hydrostatic or
Positive Displacement Pump
Working Principle:
 A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by
trapping a fixed amount of liquid and forcing (displacing)
that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
 It suck and raises the liquid by actually displacing it with

piston/ plunger that executes a reciprocating motion in a
closely fitting cylinder. The amount of liquid pumped is
equal to the volume displaced by the piston.
For each pump revolution
• Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end
• Positively discharged at other end
• a specific amount of fluid passes through the pump for each
rotation
If pipe blocked

• Pressure rises
• Can damage pump
• In order to avoid this happening, Relief valve is required
Used for pumping fluids other than water

Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid
by a reciprocating piston, or by rotating members.
Uses:
• can handle shear sensitive liquid.
• Use for high pressure application and low
flow quantity.
• Total efficiency of pump is 10-20% higher
than centrifugal pump but
low usage due to high capital
cost and maintenance cost.
Different Types Of Positive
Displacement Pump
Positive
Displacement Pump
Rotary Reciprocating
Diaphragm Piston Plunger
Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane

pump pump pump pump pump
Reciprocating Positive
Displacement Pumps
 Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more
oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms),
while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.
 It operates on 250-500rpm
 Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder,

to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many
reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three)
cylinder.
 They can be either single-acting with suction during one
direction of piston motion and discharge on the other,
or double-acting with suction and discharge in both
directions. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or
steam, or by a belt driven by an engine.
Single-acting pump
Main components and acting of
water in pump
 Cylinder
 Piston
 Suction valve
 Delivery valve
 Suction pipe
 Delivery pipe
 Crank shaft with connecting rod
 Action of water
 Single acting
 Double acting
Discharge, work done and power
required to Derive Reciprocating pump
 Consider a single-acting reciprocating pump:
D = diameter of cylinder
A = Area of piston/cylinder
r = Radius of crank in m
N = speed of crank in rpm
L = length of stroke (2r) m
Hs and Hd are suction and delivery height from center of
cylinder
So, volume of liquid sucked in during suction stroke
V=AL
so discharge of the pump per second, Q = A  L  N/60
weight of water delivered per second , W = wQ
W = w ALN/60
Work done per second = weight of water lifted per second 
total height through which liquid is lifted,
W.D/s = W ( hs  hd ) or w ALN/60 ( hs  hd )
and Power required to derive the pump
P = w ALN/601000 ( hs  hd ) Kw
w = specific weight of water or weight density
Double acting pump
Double – acting Reciprocating pump
Let, D = diameter of piston
d = diameter of piston rod,
Apr = Area of piston rod /4 d 2
Area of one side of piston A = /4 D 2
Area on other side of the piston where piston rod is
connected to the piston,
A, = A - Apr or /4 D 2 - /4 d 2
= /4 (D 2 - d 2 )
Volume of liquid delivered in one revolution of crank
V = AL  A, L ( A A, ) L = [/4 D 2  /4 (D 2 - d 2 )] L
Discharge of the pump per second =
[/4 D 2  /4 (D 2 - d 2 )] L  N/60
If the diameter of the piston rod d is very small as compare to

diameter of the piston D then it can be neglected and hence
discharge of the pump per second will become,
Q = (/4 D 2  /4 D 2 ) L  N/60

= 2  /4 D 2  LN/60
= 2ALN/60
Evidently the output of double-acting pump is two-times that
of single-acting pump.
Work done /s = weight of water delivered  total height
through which liquid is lifted
W.D /s ( w  2ALN/60) ( hs  hd)
W.D /s = 2wALN/60 (hs  hd)
Power required to derive the pump
P = 2wALN/60  1000 (hs  hd)Kw

Co- efficient of discharge & slip of
the reciprocating pump
Cd = Actual discharge / Theoretical discharge
Cd = Qact / Qth
The difference b/w actual and theoretical discharge reasons
are:
I. Leakage through the valves, glands and piston packing.
II. Imperfection operation of the valves (suction and
delivery ).
III. Partial filling of cylinder by the liquid.
if we know the value of Cd in percentage that is called
volumetric efficiency of pump 85% - 90%
Slip of the pump and negative Slip
Slip = Qth – Qact
Difference b/w theoretical discharge and actual discharge
is called slip of the pump.
it is always expressed in percentage which is given by,
Slip % = Qth –Qact/ Qth  100 or Qth / Qth –Qact / Qth

= ( 1- Qact / Qth)  100
= ( 1 – Cd)  100
for good condition slip should be 2% are less than 2%.
Negative slip
 In most of reciprocating pump Qact is less than Qth . In such
a case value of Cd is less than unity and slip of pump is
positive, however in some cases Qact may be more than Qth ,
in such cases Cd is more than unity and the slip will be
negative. The slip will be negative when there is a direct
connection b/w the suction and delivery pipe before the
end of suction stroke, this happen if the momentum of
liquid in suction pipe is large enough to open the delivery
valve before the beginning of delivery stroke.
 The slip negative is possible in case of pump having long
suction pipe and a short delivery pipe , when these are
operating at high speed.
Displacement Pumps
1.Piston pump
A piston pump is a type of positive displacement
pump where the high-pressure seal reciprocates with the
piston. Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or
compress gases.
Types
1.1 Lift pump
1.2 Force pump
1.3 Axial piston pump
1.4 Radial piston pump
Displacement Pumps
1.1 Lift pump
In a lift pump, the upstroke of the
piston draws water, through a valve, into
the lower part of the cylinder. On the
down stroke, water passes through
valves, set in the piston, into the upper
part of the cylinder. On the next
upstroke, water is discharged from the
upper part of the cylinder via a spout.
Displacement Pumps
1.2 Force pump
In a force pump, the
upstroke of the piston draws water,
through a valve, into the cylinder.
On the down stroke, the water is
discharged, through a valve, into
the outlet pipe. And this has the
same mode of application as a lift
pump.
Displacement Pumps
1.3 Axial Piston Pump
An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump
that has a number of pistons arranged in a circular array within
a housing which is commonly referred to as a cylinder
block, rotor or barrel. This cylinder block is driven to rotate
about its axis of symmetry by an integral shaft that is, more or
less, aligned with the pumping pistons (usually parallel but not
necessarily).
Displacement Pumps
Displacement Pumps
ADVANTAGES
 high efficiency
 high pressure
 low noise level
 very high load at lowest speed due to the hydrostatically balanced parts
possible
 high reliability
DISADVANTAGES
 Piston pumps cost more per unit to run compared to centrifugal and roller
pumps.
 The mechanical parts are gradually to wear , so the maintenance costs can
be high.
 Piston pumps are heavy due to their large
Displacement Pumps
COMPATIBILITY
Due to the hydrostatically balanced parts it is possible to use the pump
with various hydraulic fluids like
 Mineral oil
 Biodegradable oil
 HFA (oil in water)
 HFC (water-glycol)
 HFD (synthetic ester) or cutting emulsion
APPLICATION
 automotive sector (e.g., automatic transmission, hydraulic suspension control in
upper-class cars)
 hydraulic systems of jet aircraft, being gear-driven off of the turbine engine's
main shaft
Displacement Pumps
A radial piston
pump is a form of hydraulic
pump. The working pistons
extend in a radial direction
symmetrically around the
drive shaft, in contrast to
the axial piston pump.
Displacement Pumps
 The stroke of each piston is
caused by an eccentric drive
shaft or an external eccentric
tappet.
 When filling the workspace
of the pumping pistons from
"inside" (e.g., over a hollow
shaft) it is called an inside
impinged radial piston pump.
If the workspace is filled
from "outside" it's called Outside impinged radial piston pump
an outside impinged radial
piston pump.
Displacement Pumps
ADVANTAGES
 high efficiency
 high pressure (up to 1,000 bar)
 low flow and pressure ripple (due
to the small dead volume in the
workspace of the pumping piston)
 low noise level
 very high load at lowest speed due
to the hydrostatically balanced
parts possible
 no axial internal forces at the drive
shaft bearing
Inside impinged radial piston pump
 high reliability
Displacement Pumps
DISADVANTAGES
 A disadvantage are the bigger radial dimensions in comparison to
the axial piston pump, but it could be compensated with the shorter
construction in axial direction.
COMPATIBILITY
Due to the hydrostatically balanced parts it is possible to use
the pump with various hydraulic fluids like
 Mineral oil
 Biodegradable oil
 HFA (oil in water)
 HFC (water-glycol)
 HFD (synthetic ester) or cutting emulsion.
Displacement Pumps
APPLICATIONS
 Radial piston pumps are used in applications that involve high pressures
(operating pressures above 400 bar and up to 700 bar), such as presses,
machines for processing plastic and machine tools that clamp hydraulics.
Radial piston pumps are the only pumps capable of working satisfactorily at
such high pressures, even under continuous operation
 machine tools (e.g., displace of cutting emulsion, supply for hydraulic
equipment like cylinders)
 high pressure units (HPU) (e.g., for overload protection of presses)
 test rigs
 automotive sector (e.g., automatic transmission, hydraulic suspension
control in upper-class cars)
 plastic- and powder injection molding
 wind energy
 Oil industry
Displacement Pumps
2.Diaphragm Pump
A diaphragm pump (also
known as a Membrane pump, Air
Operated Double Diaphragm
Pump (AODD) or Pneumatic
Diaphragm Pump) is a positive
displacement pump that uses a
combination of the reciprocating
action of a rubber, thermoplastic
or Teflon diaphragm and suitable
valves on either side of the diaphragm
(check valve, butterfly valves, flap
valves, or any other form of shut-off
valves) to pump a fluid.
Displacement Pumps
2.Diaphragm Pump
WORKING
Suction stroke
To fill the pump cavity, positive
suction head (inlet pressure) is required.
When inlet valve A is lifted by the
pressure of the suction head, the slurry
completely fills the pump cavity. The
diaphragm returns to its normal convex
position and the air exhausts. Discharge
valve B, seated by line pressure, prevents
slurry from returning to the pump cavity.
Displacement Pumps
2.Diaphragm Pump
WORKING
Discharge stroke
Compressed air is admitted to the
chamber above the diaphragm. The
diaphragm descends, gradually increasing
the pressure in the pump cavity. This in
turn closes inlet valve A and causes
discharge valve B to open when the line
pressure is exceeded. Further movement
of the diaphragm displaces the slurry from
the pump cavity.
Displacement Pumps
2.Diaphragm Pump
ADVANTAGES
 have good suction lift characteristics. They can
handle sludge and slurries with a relatively high amount of grit and solid
content.
 Used for low pressure application like removing water from trenches
 have good dry running characteristics.
 can be used to make artificial hearts.
 are used to make air pumps for the filters on small fish tanks.
 can be up to 97% efficient.
 have good self priming capabilities.
 can handle highly viscous liquids.
 Can handle tough corrosives, abrasives, temperatures to 200°F and slurries
containing up to 75% solids.
Displacement Pumps
2.Diaphragm Pump
DISADVANTAGES
 Most air diaphragm pumps require around 20 standard cubic-feet per minute
and 100 psi of air intake to operate efficiently.
 Also, these types of pumps tend not to pump very accurately at their bottom
end. A functioning air diaphragm pump pulsates, and a dampener must be
fitted onto the pump to reduce pulsing.
Displacement Pumps
2.Diaphragm Pump
COMPATIBILITY
 Delicate crystal slurries
 Highly concentrated and unusually viscous slurries
 Highly abrasive slurries
 Highly corrosive slurries
 Very large solids in slurries
 Extremely volatile slurries
 Delicate and unstable slurries
 Air-entrained slurries
 Shear-sensitive slurries
Displacement Pumps
2.Diaphragm Pump
APPLICATIONS
 For drum and small tank transfer, pickling solutions, chemical feed.
 Filter press, tank cleaning systems, pigments and resins.
 Paints, latex, ceramic slip, slurries, polymers, tank car fill and empty, foods.
 Handling optical lens grinding rouges, waste glass slurries and cutting slurries.
 Ship cleaning, dewatering holds, bilges, coffer dams, fire-fighting, sewage from
holding tanks, offshore drilling, sand blast slurries.
 Mill scale, pickling tank chemicals, foundry sand slurries, palm oils, cutting oils.
Dewatering mines and construction sites, caissons, tunnels.
 Transfer of frits, enamels, solvents, latex, pigments, additives, inhibitors, resins,
dryers.
 Decanting and emptying of acid and alkaline bath solutions, pumping of heavy
contaminated sewage and slurries.
Displacement Pumps
3.Plunger pump
A plunger pump is a type
of positive displacement pump where the
high-pressure seal is stationary and a
smooth cylindrical plunger slides through
the seal. This makes them different
from piston pumps and allows them to be
used at higher pressures. This type of
pump is often used to transfer municipal
and industrial sewage.
Displacement Pumps
3.Plunger pump
ADVANTAGES
 Plunger pumps are used in applications that could range from
70 to 2,070 bar (1,000 to 30,000 psi)
 Pressure and flow rate changes have little effect on
performance.
 Pressure can be controlled without affecting flow rate.
 Wide pressure range - can achieve very high pressures
 Have high efficiency
 Capable of developing very high pressures.
 Low and easy maintenance
Displacement Pumps
3.Plunger pump APPLICATIONS
DISADVANTAGES Raw and Digested sewage sludge
 Pulsating flow Industrial and chemical waste and
slurries
 Typically only handles lower flow rates Lime putty and slurries
 Typically heavy and bulky Pulp and paper stock
 High operating and maintenance costs. Settled oil solids
 not be compatible for use with highly

acidic fluids
Rotary Positive Displacement
Pumps
The working of all the rotary type positive displacement
pumps are based on the same principle, i.e pumping of the liquid
with the help of rotating elements. The rotating elements can be
gears, screws, vanes or cam, etc. it operate with high speed up to
5000rpm. And having no inlet and outlet valves but having ports
and its teeth work as piston like a reciprocating pump.
The different types are
1. Gear pump
2. Lobe pump
3. Screw pump
4. Cam pump
5. Vane pump
Pumps
1.Gear pump
A gear pump uses the meshing and De-meshing of gears
to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the most common
types of pump for hydraulic fluid power applications. There are
two types of gear pumps, they are
1.1 External gear pump

1.2 Internal gear pump
Pumps
1.1 External Gear pump
External gear pump
uses two identical gears
rotating against each other.
one gear is driven by a motor
and it in turn drives the other
gear. Each gear is supported
by a shaft with bearings on
both sides of the gear.
Pumps
 As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding
volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into
the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.
 Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the
pockets between the teeth and the casing -- it does not
pass between the gears.
 Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the
outlet port under pressure.
Pumps
1.1External Gear pump
ADVANTAGES
 High speed
 High pressure
 No overhung bearing loads
 Relatively quiet operation
 Design accommodates wide variety of material
 Low weight
 Relatively high working pressures
 Wide range of speeds
 Wide temperature and viscosity range (i.e. flexibility)
 Low cost
DISADVANTAGES
 Four bushings in liquid area
 No solids allowed
 Fixed End Clearances
Pumps
APPLICATIONS
 Various fuel oils and lube oils
 Chemical additive and polymer metering
 Chemical mixing and blending (double pump)
 Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts,
etc.)
 Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
 Low volume transfer or application
 Lubrication pumps in machine tools
 Fluid power transfer units and oil pumps in engines
Pumps
Internal gear pumps are
primarily used in non-mobile
hydraulics (e.g. machines for
plastics and machine tools,
presses, etc.) and in vehicles
that operate in an enclosed
space (electric fork-lifts, etc.).
The internal gear pump is
exceptionally versatile and also
capable of handling thick
fluids.
Pumps
 Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor (large exterior gear)
and idler (small interior gear) teeth. The arrows indicate the direction
of the pump and liquid.
 Liquid travels through the pump between the teeth of the "gear-
within-a-gear" principle. The crescent shape divides the liquid and
acts as a seal between the suction and discharge ports.
 The pump head is now nearly flooded, just prior to forcing the liquid
out of the discharge port. Intermeshing gears of the idler and rotor
form locked pockets for the liquid which assures volume control.
 Rotor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a seal equidistant
from the discharge and suction ports. This seal forces the liquid out
of the discharge port
Pumps
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Usually requires moderate speeds
 This pump can transport liquids of any viscosity
Medium pressure limitations
 Can work at even high and low temperatures. One bearing runs in the product
 Only two moving parts pumped
 Can create strong vacuum Overhung load on shaft bearing
 Can be used as self vacuum pump for air and gases
 Non-pulsating discharge
 Excellent for high-viscosity liquids
 Good suction and NPSH
 Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure
conditions
 Operates well in either direction
 Single adjustable end clearance
 Easy to maintain
 Flexible design offers application customization
Pumps
APPLICATIONS
 All varieties of fuel oil, Cooking oil and lube oil
 Resins and Polymers
 Alcohols and solvents
 Asphalt, Bitumen, and Tar
 Polyurethane foam (Isocyanate and polyol)
 Food products such as corn syrup, chocolate, and peanut butter
 Paint, inks, and pigments
 Soaps and surfactants
 Glycol
 Plastics, oil soap liquid, phenol resin, formalin, polycarbonate resin, acrylics, liquid
calcium, inks, latex compounds, high viscosity adhesives, cleansers, hot melt, epoxy
resin.
 LPG, benzene, gasoline, alcohol, liquid Freon, heavy oils, coal tar, pitches, greases,
asphalt, Bitumen acid pitch.
Pumps
2.Screw pump
A screw pump is a positive-
displacement pump that use one or
several screws to move fluids or solids
along the screw(s) axis. In its simplest
form the (Archimedes' screw pump), a
single screw rotates in a cylindrical
cavity, thereby moving the material
along the screw's spindle. This ancient
construction is still used in many low-
tech applications, such as irrigation
systems and in agricultural machinery
for transporting grain and other solids.
Pumps
2.Screw pump
ADVANTAGES
 Slow Speed, Simple and Rugged design
 Pumps raw water with heavy solids and floating debris
 No collection sump required = minimum head
 'Gentle handling' of biological flock
 Long lifetime ( > 20-40 years)
 Pump capacity is self-regulating with incoming level
 Easy maintenance (no 'high skilled' staff required)
 Constant high efficiency with variable capacity
 Can run without water
 Screw pumps allow a wide range of flows and pressures
 They can also accommodate a wide range of liquids and viscosities
 Screw pumps have high speed capability and this allows the freedom of driver selection
 All the screw pumps are Self-priming which allows them to have good suction characteristics
Pumps
2.Screw pump
DISADVANTAGES
 Cost of manufacturing is high because of close tolerances and
running clearances
 Any changes in the viscosity of the fluid results in high fluctuations in the
performance.
 A screw pump with high pressure capability will require high pumping
elements which increases the overall size of the pump.
Pumps
2.Screw pump
APPLICATIONS
 chemical-processing
 liquid delivery
 marine
 biotechnology
 pharmaceutical
 food, dairy, and beverage processing.
 fuel-injection
 oil burners
 lubrication
Pumps
3.Lobe pump
Lobe pumps are similar
to external gear pumps in
operation in that fluid flows
around the interior of the
casing. Unlike external gear
pumps, however, the lobes do
not make contact. Lobe contact
is prevented by external timing
gears located in the gearbox.
Pumps
3.Lobe pump
 Pass medium solids  Requires timing gears
 No metal-to-metal contact  Requires two seals
 Reduced lift with thin
 Long term dry run (with
liquids
lubrication to seals)
 Non-pulsating discharge
Pumps
3.Lobe pump
APPLICATIONS
 Polymers
 Paper coatings
 Soaps and surfactants
 Paints and dyes
 Rubber and adhesives
 Pharmaceuticals
 Food applications
Pumps
4.Cam pump
The main part of the pump is a cam which is mounted on
a rotating shaft that rotates in a cylindrical casing. The cam is
designed in such a way that it always maintains contact with the
walls of the casing as it rotates. A spring loaded blade acts as the
cam follower and moves in an accurately machined slot in the
casing. This blade separates suction and delivery sides of the
pump. Inlet and outlet ports are placed on either sides of this
blade. The discharge from the pump is continuous. It also
eliminates the crank and connecting rod mechanisms and delivers
a smooth operation.
Pumps
4.Cam pump
(a) The water is sucked in during the counter clockwise rotation of the cam.
(b) The apex of the cam is at top, displacing the follower blade to maximum.
At current position, the whole cavity is filled completely by water. Now
suction process is complete.
(c) further advancement of the cam pushes the water out via the outlet port,
which is connected to the delivery pipe.
(a) (b) (c)

Pumps
4.Cam pump
ADVANTAGES
 The pump operates smoothly.
 It has less noise and vibration.
 The delivery is at a constant rate.
 The suction and discharge happens simultaneously.
 The absence of unidirectional valves and other linkages like
crank and connecting rods reduce the complexity and floor
space required.
Pumps
4.Cam pump
DISADVANTAGES
 The discharge was found to be decreasing with increase of
head due to the increase of leakage around the cam with
increase in pressure.
 The tolerances are not close enough to seal the leakages.
 There is excessive leakage through the rectangular groove
provided for the movement of the follower blade, at high
pressures.
 The volumetric efficiency was also found to be decreasing with
increase of head.
Pumps
5.Vane pump
A rotary vane pump is a
positive-displacement pump
that consists of vanes mounted
to a rotor that rotates inside of a
cavity. In some cases these
vanes can be variable length
and/or tensioned to maintain
contact with the walls as the
pump rotates.
Pumps
5.Vane pump
 Handles thin liquids at  Can have two stuffing boxes
relatively higher pressures  Complex housing and many
 Compensates for wear parts
through vane extension  Not suitable for high
 Sometimes preferred for pressures
solvents, LPG  Not suitable for high viscosity
 Can run dry for short periods  Not good with abrasives
 Can have one seal or stuffing
box
 Develops good vacuum
Pumps
5.Vane pump
APPLICATIONS
 Aerosol and Propellants
 Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing
 Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants
 Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3
 LPG Cylinder Filling
 Alcohols
 Refrigeration – Freons, Ammonia
 Solvents
 Aqueous solutions

Pump 16 Mechanical

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Pump 16 Mechanical

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BY

Engineer Qamar Abbas Kazi Assistant Professor Mechanical Department

 To increase Flow rate.

 To move liquid from lower elevation to higher

Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial

 A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the

Casing with guide blades: have stationary diffusion

 Overall Efficiency:-Ratio of power output of the pump to power

Centrifugal pumps does not create suction at the start without

 Large pump: are primed by evacuating the casing and the

 Self priming pumps: The internal construction of some

 Pump in parallel: To discharge a large quantity of liquid ,

The NPSH depends upon the pump design, speed and

 The resulting gas bubbles will collapse inside the pump as

 suction height is usually limited from 7 – 8 m, otherwise

 It suck and raises the liquid by actually displacing it with

If pipe blocked

Used for pumping fluids other than water

Diaphragm Piston Plunger

Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane

 Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder,

[/4 D 2  /4 (D 2 - d 2 )] L  N/60

If the diameter of the piston rod d is very small as compare to

Q = (/4 D 2  /4 D 2 ) L  N/60

W.D /s ( w  2ALN/60) ( hs  hd)

W.D /s = 2wALN/60 (hs  hd)

Power required to derive the pump

P = 2wALN/60  1000 (hs  hd)Kw

Slip % = Qth –Qact/ Qth  100 or Qth / Qth –Qact / Qth

 not be compatible for use with highly

1.1 External gear pump

(a) (b) (c)

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