Anatomi Sistem Urologi

Urinary System Organs

Figure 25.1a
Chapter 25: Urinary System 2
Developmental Aspects
• Three sets of embryonic kidneys develop, with only the last set
persisting
• The pronephros never functions but its pronephric duct persists and
connects to the cloaca
• The mesonephros claims this duct and it becomes the mesonephric
duct
• The final metanephros develop by the fifth week and develop into
adult kidneys

Chapter 25: Urinary System 3

Developmental Aspects
• Metanephros develop as ureteric buds that incline mesoderm to form
nephrons
• Distal ends of ureteric tubes form the renal pelves, calyces, and
collecting ducts
• Proximal ends called ureteric ducts become the ureters
• Metanephric kidneys are excreting urine by the third month
• The cloaca eventually develops into the rectum and anal canal

Chapter 25: Urinary System 4

Developmental Aspects
• Infants have small bladders and the kidneys cannot concentrate urine,
resulting in frequent micturition
• Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter develops with the nervous
system
• E. coli bacteria account for 80% of all urinary tract infections
• Sexually transmitted diseases can also inflame the urinary tract
• Kidney function declines with age, with many elderly becoming
incontinent

Chapter 25: Urinary System 5

Developmental Aspects

Figure 25.21a, b
Chapter 25: Urinary System 6
Developmental Aspects

Figure 25.21c, d
Chapter 25: Urinary System 7
Kidney Location and External Anatomy
• The bean-shaped kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position in the
superior lumbar region and extend from the twelfth thoracic to the
third lumbar vertebrae
• The right kidney is lower than the left because it is crowded by the
liver
• The lateral surface is convex and the medial surface is concave, with a
vertical cleft called the renal hilus leading to the renal sinus
• Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit at
the hilus

Chapter 25: Urinary System 8

Layers of Tissue Supporting the Kidney
• Renal capsule – fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection
• Adipose capsule – fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps
attach it to the body wall
• Renal fascia – outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that
anchors the kidney

Chapter 25: Urinary System 9

Kidney Location and External Anatomy

Chapter 25: Urinary System 10

Figure 25.2a
Internal Anatomy
• A frontal section shows three distinct regions
• Cortex – the light colored, granular superficial region
• Medulla – exhibits cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids
• Pyramids are made up of parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules
• Renal columns are inward extensions of cortical tissue that separate the pyramids
• The medullary pyramid and its surrounding capsule constitute a lobe

Chapter 25: Urinary System 11

Internal Anatomy
• Renal pelvis – flat, funnel-shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the
renal sinus

Chapter 25: Urinary System 12

Internal Anatomy
• Major calyces – large branches of the renal pelvis
• Collect urine draining from papillae
• Empty urine into the pelvis
• Urine flows through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder

Chapter 25: Urinary System 13

Internal Anatomy

Figure 25.3b
Chapter 25: Urinary System 14
Blood and Nerve Supply
• Approximately one-fourth (1200 ml) of systemic cardiac
output flows through the kidneys each minute
• Arterial flow into and venous flow out of the kidneys
follow similar paths
• The nerve supply is via the renal plexus

Chapter 25: Urinary System 15

Figure 25.3c
The Nephron
• Nephrons are the structural and functional units that form urine,
consisting of:
• Glomerulus – a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule
• Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule – blind, cup-shaped end of a renal tubule
that completely surrounds the glomerulus

Chapter 25: Urinary System 17

The Nephron
• Renal corpuscle – the glomerulus and its Bowman’s capsule
• Glomerular endothelium – fenestrated epithelium that allows solute-rich,
virtually protein-free filtrate to pass from the blood into the glomerular
capsule

Chapter 25: Urinary System 18

The Nephron

Figure 25.4b
Chapter 25: Urinary System 19
Anatomy of the Glomerular Capsule
• The external parietal layer is a structural layer
• The visceral layer consists of modified, branching epithelial podocytes
• Extensions of the octopus-like podocytes terminate in foot processes
• Filtration slits – openings between the foot processes that allow
filtrate to pass into the capsular space

Chapter 25: Urinary System 20

Renal Tubule
• Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) – composed of cuboidal cells with
numerous microvilli and mitochondria
• Reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

Chapter 25: Urinary System 21

Renal Tubule
• Loop of Henle – a hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule
• Proximal part is similar to the proximal convoluted tubule
• Proximal part is followed by the thin segment (simple squamous cells) and the
thick segment (cuboidal to columnar cells)
• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) – cuboidal cells without microvilli that
function more in secretion than reabsorption

Chapter 25: Urinary System 22

Renal Tubule

Figure 25.4b
Chapter 25: Urinary System 23
Connecting Tubules
• The distal portion of the distal convoluted tubule nearer to the
collecting ducts

Chapter 25: Urinary System 24

Connecting Tubules
• Two important cell types are found here
• Intercalated cells
• Cuboidal cells with microvilli
• Function in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body
• Principal cells
• Cuboidal cells without microvilli
• Help maintain the body’s water and salt balance

Chapter 25: Urinary System 25

Nephrons
• Cortical nephrons – 85% of nephrons; located in the cortex
• Juxtamedullary nephrons:
• Are located at the cortex-medulla junction
• Have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla
• Have extensive thin segments
• Are involved in the production of concentrated urine

Chapter 25: Urinary System 26

Nephrons

Chapter 25: Urinary System 27

Figure 25.5b
Capillary Beds of the Nephron
• Every nephron has two capillary beds
• Glomerulus
• Peritubular capillaries
• Each glomerulus is:
• Fed by an afferent arteriole
• Drained by an efferent arteriole

Chapter 25: Urinary System 28

Capillary Beds of the Nephron
• Blood pressure in the glomerulus is high because:
• Arterioles are high-resistance vessels
• Afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
• Fluids and solutes are forced out of the blood throughout the entire
length of the glomerulus

Chapter 25: Urinary System 29

Capillary Beds
• Peritubular beds are low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for
absorption that:
• Arise from efferent arterioles
• Cling to adjacent renal tubules
• Empty into the renal venous system
• Vasa recta – long, straight efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary
nephrons

Chapter 25: Urinary System 30

Capillary Beds

Chapter 25: Urinary System 31

Figure 25.5a
•Ureters
The ureters are two tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to
the bladder. Each ureter is a muscular tube about 10 inches (25
cm) long. Muscles in the walls of the ureters send the urine in
small spurts into the bladder
 (lanjutan1)
• URETER: - retroperitoneal
- mulai dari pyelum (pelvis renalis) s/d bermuara ke
vesica urinaria
- 3 penyempitan: (1). pyelopelvic junction, (2). saat
menyilang a/v.iliaca com. dan (3). saat bermuara
ke vesica urinaria
- ddg.: t.fibrosa, t.muscularis, t.mucosa; gerak
peristaltik
•
•Urinary Bladder
• The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular and distendible or
elastic organ that sits on the pelvic floor (superior to the
prostate in males). On its anterior border lies the pubic
symphysis and, on its posterior border, the vagina (in females)
and rectum (in males).
• The urinary bladder can hold approximately 17 to 18 ounces
(500 to 530 ml) of urine, however the desire to micturate is
usually experienced when it contains about 150 to 200 ml.
• The urethra is a muscular tube that connects the bladder with
the outside of the body.
The function of the urethra is to remove urine from the body. It
measures about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in a woman but up to 8
inches (20 cm) in a man. Because the urethra is so much shorter
in a woman it makes it much easier for a woman to get harmful
bacteria in her bladder this is commonly called a bladder infection
or a UTI. The most common bacteria of a UTI is E-coli from the
large intestines that have been excreted in fecal matter
• The urethral sphincter is a collective name for the muscles used to
control the flow of urine from the urinary bladder.

These muscles surround the urethra, so that when they contract, the
urethra is closed.There are two distinct areas of muscle:
the internal sphincter, at the bladder neck and
the external, or distal, sphincter.

Human males have much stronger sphincter muscles than females,

meaning that they can retain a largeamount of urine for twice as long,
as much as 800mL,
(LANJUTAN2)
URETHRA: URETHRA MASCULINA:
- (1). pars prostatica, mulai dari orificium urethrae
internum, menembus gld.prostata; tdpt crista urethralis,
colliculus seminalis, utriculus prostaticus, muara
duct.ejaculatrius, sinus prostaticus
- (2). pars membranaceae menembus mbr.urogenitalis, dan
- (3). pars cavernosa di penis dng orifium urethrae
externum
- fossa navicularis, gld.urethralis
- kelainan muara urethra: epispadia dan hypospadia
(glandis, corporis, perinealis)
- katheterisasi sulit
URETHRA FEMININA:
- lurus, 3-5 cm
- di ventral vagina, bermuara di vestibulum vaginae
- katheterisasi mudah