Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FTTH
FTTH
2
The FTTH Council
Visit us on the web at www.ftthcouncil.org
• Mission:
– Educate, promote & accelerate FTTH and the resulting quality-of-
life enhancements
• Objectives:
– Supply a consistent and accurate view of FTTH
– Promote FTTH market development
– Be recognized by the industry as the FTTH resource
• 78 member companies, organizations and individuals
• We represent the interests of those interested in FTTH
– Our members are from every telecommunications group
– We do not represent any one group
3
The FTTH Council
Represented in every layer of the FTTH value chain
OEM Feasibility
consultants
ROW
owner
Network Network
Network construction owner
design Wholesale Retail
provider provider
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Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)
Overview and technical tutorial
5
FTTH overview
List of ‘US Optical Fiber Communities’*
Kansas Oklahoma Virginia
Almena Hinton Ashburn
Hill City Oregon Brambleton
Braemar-Bristow
Norton Woodburn
Bristol
Osborne Pennsylvania Leesburg
Quinter Kutztown Purcellville
Sharon South Carolina Washington
Wakeeney Daniel Island Chelan County
Wamego Sandy Point Douglas County
Massachusetts Texas Grant County
Issaquah Highlands
Pine Hils Burleson
Mason County
Tauton Laredo
Michigan Canyon Gate Brazos
Cobblestone Lakes on Eldridge
Alabama Roseville Georgia
Minnesota Northpointe
Sylacauga Sacramento Dunwoody
Alberta Rock Creek
California Talavera Iowa
Chokio Grand Lake Estates * many more
Amerige Heights Colorado Cambridge
East Ottertail Victory Lakes in construction
Canyon Hills Buckhorn Valley Guthrie Center
Evermoor Crystal Falls and pre-
Kenwood Colorado City Huxley
Morris Utah construction
Parc Metropolitan Eagle Ranch Slater
Nebraska Kamas
Palo Alto Rye Idaho
Blair Provo
Poppy Measdoss Florida Bear Creek
LPGA Community 6
FTTH overview
FTTH homes passed in US and Canada
350,000
2002 FTTH networks 315,000
300,000
Greenfield Overbuild 250,000
29% 71%
200,000
150,000
100,000
72,100
50,000
19,400
0
5,000 5,500
0
Sep 01 Mar 02 Sep 02 Mar 03
9
FTTH technical tutorial Copper
// Fiber
What is FTTH?
CO/HE
CO/HE
//
CO/HE //
OAN
CO/HE
//
OLT ONU
11
Source: www.ftthcouncil.org
FTTH technical tutorial
What is FTTH?
Philosophy Architecture
- Retail (Electronics)
Transport - Wholesale - PON?
- ATM? - Active node?
- Ethernet? - Hybrid?
Optical fiber and lasers
CO/HE
//
Technical considerations
12
FTTH technical tutorial
Why FTTH?
• Enormous information carrying capacity
• Easily upgradeable
• Ease of installation
• Allows fully symmetric services
• Reduced operations and maintenance costs
• Benefits of optical fiber:
– Very long distances
– Strong, flexible, and reliable
– Allows small diameter and light weight cables
– Secure
– Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)
13
FTTH technical tutorial
Why FTTH? - more capacity*
200
150
Gbps
100
50
0
Twisted Pair Co-ax M ultimode Single-mode
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Twisted Pair Co-axial M ultimode Single-mode
//
Glass Copper
• Uses light • Uses electricity
• Transparent • Opaque
• Dielectric material-nonconductive • Electrically conductive material
– EMI immune – Susceptible to EMI
• Low thermal expansion • High thermal expansion
• Brittle, rigid material • Ductile material
• Chemically stable • Subject to corrosion and galvanic
reactions
• Fortunately, its recyclable
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FTTH technical tutorial
How do optical fibers work?
• Core
– Carries the light signals
– Silica and a dopant
• Cladding
– Keeps the light in the core
– Pure Silica
• Coating
– Protects the glass
– Acrylate (plastic)
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Source: Corning Incorporated
FTTH technical tutorial
How do optical fibers work?
• Optical fibers work on the principle of total internal
reflection
CORE
CLADDING
• Single Fiber
– Downstream broadcast* on 1550 nm
– Upstream data on 1310 nm
– Downstream data on either 1310 or 1490 nm*
depending on system
– Advantages
• Less fiber deployed
• Fewer optical passives (taps or splitters)
• Fewer labor-intensive connections
23
FTTH technical tutorial
Single and Dual Fiber Systems
• Dual Fiber
– Various plans, usually one fiber will be used for downstream
and one for upstream, or one will be used for broadcast and
one for data. Sometimes one will be used for specialized
services, such as returning RF-modulated data from set top
terminals
• Advantages
– Simplifies terminal passive components
– Somewhat lower signal loss
24
FTTH technical tutorial
What is FTTH?
Philosophy Architecture
- Retail (Electronics)
Transport - Wholesale - PON?
- ATM? - Active node?
- Ethernet? - Hybrid?
Optical fiber and lasers
CO/HE
//
Technical considerations
25
FTTH technical tutorial
Transport - ATM
53 byte cell
Destination
header
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FTTH technical tutorial
Transport - ATM
Ted Alice
Kathy Jim
Jeannie Travis
Susan Kyle
Joy Craig
• ATM has its roots in the telephone business
• Connection-oriented protocol with excellent QOS
• When a connection is made, it exists for the entire
communication session, ensuring a reliable channel
27
FTTH technical tutorial
Transport - Ethernet
Type/length
Destination
address
Frame
check
& SFD
Packet of data
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FTTH technical tutorial
Transport - Ethernet
Opportunistic
data moves Opportunistic
during idle times data
Ted When data is available, it gets the
Alice
Kathy first available chance to be sent. Jim
Jeannie Travis
Susan Kyle
Nothing to send
Joy Craig
• Ethernet has its roots in office data systems
• Connectionless-oriented, with excellent efficiency
• Packets are transmitted individually, requiring resources
only when they are being transmitted
29
FTTH technical tutorial
What is FTTH?
Philosophy Architecture
- Retail (Electronics)
Transport - Wholesale - PON?
- ATM? - Active node?
- Ethernet? - Hybrid?
Optical fiber and lasers
CO/HE
//
Technical considerations
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FTTH technical tutorial
Architectures
• Active Node
– Subscribers have a dedicated fiber optic strand
– Many use active (powered) nodes to manage signal distribution
• Hybrid PONs
– Literal combination of an Active and a PON architecture
31
FTTH technical tutorial
Architectures – PON (A-. E- or G-)
Usually 10-20 km
//
OLT
//
//
// // ONU
//
//
Optical splitter
//
1x16 (1x2, 1x8)
1x32 (1x4, 1x8)
32
FTTH technical tutorial
Architectures – PON (2) (A-. E- or G-)
1550 nm broadcast
(if used)
//
OLT
1490* nm data
//
//
// // ONU
//
1310 nm data //
//
Up to 70 km Up to 10 km
//
OLT
//
//
// ONU
//
//
Processing
(powered)
//
34
FTTH technical tutorial
Architectures – Active Node (2)
//
OLT 1550 nm broadcast
(if used)
//
//
// ONU
//
//
Up to 70 km Up to 10 km
OLT // //
Optical splitter //
//
// ONU
//
Processing //
(powered)
// //
Optical splitter
36
FTTH technical tutorial
Architectures – Hybrid PON (2)
Single fiber, 1550 broadcast, 1310 bidirectional data
OLT // //
1550 nm broadcast //
//
// ONU
//
//
37
FTTH technical tutorial
What is FTTH?
Philosophy Architecture
- Retail (Electronics)
Transport - Wholesale - PON?
- ATM? - Active node?
- Ethernet? - Hybrid?
Optical fiber and lasers
CO/HE
Technical considerations
38
FTTH technical tutorial
Philosophy
Philosophy Architecture
- Retail (Electronics)
Transport - Wholesale - PON?
- ATM? - Active node?
- Ethernet? - Hybrid?
Optical fiber and lasers
CO/HE
//
Technical considerations
40
FTTH technical tutorial
Technical considerations
• Data
– How much per home?
– How well can you share the channel?
– Security – how do you protect the subscriber’s data?
– What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?
– Compatible business services?
• SLAs
• T1
• Support for voice?
• Support for video?
– Broadcast
– IPTV
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FTTH technical tutorial
Technical considerations
• Data
– How much per home?
– How well can you share the channel?
– Security – how do you protect the subscriber’s data?
– What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?
42
FTTH technical tutorial
Technical considerations - Speed
• Data requirements
– Competition: ADSL, cable modem ~0.5 to ~1.5 Mb/s shared,
asymmetrical
– FTTH ~10 to 30 Mb/s non-shared or several 100 Mb/s shared,
symmetrical
– SDTV video takes 2-4 Mb/s today at IP level
– HDTV takes maybe 5 times STDV requirement
– Pictures can run 1 MB compressed
– 5.1 channel streaming audio would run ~380 kb/s
43
FTTH technical tutorial
Technical considerations - Speed
Required Data Rate
FTTH
HDTV
DSL or cable
modem Streaming Picture in
SDTV
audio 15 seconds
VoIP
Service
44
FTTH technical tutorial
Technical considerations – Speed (IPTV Reference)
Estimated minimum time to acquire Braveheart
August 17, 2001:
MGM, Paramount Pictures, Sony
Pictures, Warner Brothers, and
Technology Minutes Hours Days
Universal Studios unveiled plans
for a joint venture that would Modem 56
allow computer users to kb/s
2
download rental copies of feature
films over the Internet. ISDN 128
20
kb/s
December 9, 2002:
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“Hollywood's Latest Flop”
Fortune Magazine DSL 1 Mb/s 2.5
“The files are huge. At 952
Megabytes, Braveheart took just Cable 2.5
less than five hours to download 1
Mb/s
using our DSL Line at home… in
the same time we could have 45
made 20 round trips to our
FTTH 0.4
neighborhood Blockbuster ”
45
FTTH technical tutorial
Technical considerations
• Security
– Data is shared in the downstream direction in most systems
– Your Gateway filters out all packets not intended for you
– But there is fear that someone will snoop on your data
– FSAN has a low-complexity, low-security encryption scheme
– 802.3ah has formed a committee to study security
– Manufacturers have taken their own tacks on security, from
none to robust
46
FTTH technical tutorial
Data Flow and Security - Downstream
Time division
multiplex (TDM) –
each subscriber’s //
data gets its turn.
T D H //
// Tom D Dick
// // T
//
//
T D H //
// Tom Dick
//
// //
//
Harry
Due to the physics of the H
network, Harry’s data flows
upstream but does not come
to Tom’s box, so Tom cannot
see Harry’s data
48
FTTH technical tutorial
Data Flow and QoS
If Dick has paid for
more bandwidth, he
gets more //
T D H //
// Tom D Dick
// // T
//
//
Harry
If Tom’s packets need higher H
priority (e.g., telephone), they
go first
49
FTTH technical tutorial
Telephony Considerations
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FTTH technical tutorial
Conventional Switched-circuit Telephone
Concentrator
(DLC) Switch
Alice
Ted
Donald
Switched Circuit Telephony
51
FTTH technical tutorial
Example VoIP System
During conversation, line is shared
with other data packets on each
side of the router
Telephone Other data
To PSTN packets packets
Bob Carol
Customer Media Customer
Gateway Data Gateway Gateway Data
Router
Softswitch
(switch)
Alice
Ted Customer
Donald Data
Customer Gateway
Gateway Data Customer
Gateway Data
One Form of Voice on Internet Protocol (VoIP)
52
FTTH technical tutorial
Video
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FTTH technical tutorial
Technical considerations - Video
• Can send video several different ways on FTTH
– Broadcast (cable TV standards)
• Analog
• Digital
• Cable TV good engineering practice is 47-48 dB C/N
– FTTH can achieve 48-51 dB C/N
• Benefit from high volume and plethora of applications of cable boxes
• RF return support for STTs
– IPTV – TV transmitted over Internet Protocol
• Feasible, and some people are doing it in place of broadcast
• Bandwidth hog, but statistics can work for you
– Interesting hybrid model awaits hybrid STTs, but can give the
best of both worlds
54
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video
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FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – wave division muxing
Analog Analog
(Broadcast) optical RF
optical receiver Diplexer
transmitter Always
1550 nm 1550 nm AGC H Video to TVs
L and STTs
Wave Wave
Digital Optical network RF return from STTs
division division
optical multiplexer multiplexer A/D &
transceiver (WDM) (WDM) proc
1310 and Voice (typ
possibly POTS)
Several wavelength plans: Proc
1. 1310 nm bidirectional 1490 nm Data (typ
2. 1490 nm downstream, Digital 10/100Base-T),
1310 nm upstream optical includes IPTV
transceiver
Headend, Central Office, Home terminal, NID, Gateway,
OLT ONT
56
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – broadcast headend
Analog RF
m odulator,
IRD
stereo,
...
Analog scram bler
Linear (broadcast,
channels Analog RF analog) optical
IRD m odulator, transmitter
stereo,
scram bler To
Digital distribution
channels Transcoder, plant
Earth IRT digital RF
station m odulator, Amplitude
upconverter
Analog
Transcoder,
channels Digital
digital RF channels
VOD server m odulator,
upconverter Spectrum ...
diagram:
Frequency
Ch
RF return
signals
2
Ch
3 57
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – broadcast subscriber
Analog (broadcast,
linear) optical
receiver, one per
endpoint
Set top terminal
selecting frequency
(opt. RF Return)
58
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – IPTV headend
IRD Encoder
Digital (binary) optical
Analog transceiver (part of
... channels router)
IRD Encoder
switched network
Packet-
IRT Transcoder To groups of
subscribers
Digital
...
channels
IRT Transcoder
Downstream data
...H D H D
...
VOD server
Other data
sources
59
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – IPTV subscriber
Digital (binary) optical
transceiver, one per
endpoint
Optics
in
FTTH interface
...
H D H
Router A
(headend) Router E In-hom e
routing
Router C
(network)
VOD server
In-hom e
Router D routing
(NID)
In-hom e
Program routing
stream
In-hom e
routing
Program
request Set top
Subscriber's TV
term inal
61
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – IPTV unicast (VOD)
Router B
Encoder Router A
(headend) Router E In-hom e Larry's STT
Program routing and TV
. . .
packets
Router C
Transcoder
(network)
In-hom e Moe's STT
Router D routing and TV
1 multicast (NID)
video program
In-hom e
routing
In-hom e
routing
STT Curley's TV
62
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – IPTV multicast
Router B
Encoder Router A
(headend) Router E In-hom e Larry's STT
Program routing and TV
. . .
packets
? Router C
Transcoder
(network)
In-hom e Moe's STT
Router D routing and TV
1 video (NID)
?
program
?
Program In-hom e
requests routing
? In-hom e
routing
STT Curley's TV
63
FTTH technical tutorial
Ways of transmitting video – IPTV multicast
Router B
Encoder Router A
(headend) Router E In-hom e Larry's STT
Program routing and TV
. . .
packets
? Router C
Transcoder
(network)
In-hom e Moe's STT
Router D routing and TV
1 video (NID)
?
program
?
Program In-hom e
requests routing
? In-hom e
routing
STT Curley's TV
64
FTTH technical tutorial
PON link budgets
65
FTTH technical tutorial
PON link budgets
Fiber loss per km is 0.25 dB (1550 nm) to Every time the signal is
0.4 dB (1260 - 1360 nm) split two ways, half the
power goes one way and
half goes the other. So
each direction gets half
the power, or the signal
//
// is reduced by
10log(0.5)=3 dB.
Practical loss is 3.5 dB
nominal, so every two-
way split costs about 10
km distance @ 1310 nm
66
FTTH technical tutorial
PON link budgets
• Broadcast analog video often sets the budget
– Maximum practical level without SBS issues ~16 dBm
(long spans)
– Minimum receive level for 48 dB C/N ~-5 dBm
• Link budget is ~21 dB, a bit more if you are careful
– At 1550 nm, fiber exhibits loss of about 0.25 dB/km, so
maximum distance without amplification is ~80 km
• Requires good externally-modulated transmitters (available)
– Each two-way split results in a loss of nominally ~3.5 dB
of level, assume 4 dB worst case.
• Thus, each two-way split costs about 16 km distance
67
FTTH technical tutorial
Analog video link budgets
Split Nom. Avail. fiber Nom.
splitting loss (dB) Distance
loss (dB) (km)
4 7 11 44
8 10.5 7.5 30
16 14 4 16
32 17.5 2.5 10
64 21 -1 -4
4 7 14 44
8 10.5 4 34
16* 14 - 24
32 17.5 - 14
64 21 - 4
69
Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)
Overview and technical tutorial
70
FTTH technical tutorial
Standards?
71
FTTH technical tutorial
ITU-T G.98x series
73
FTTH technical tutorial
IEEE 802.3ah EFM status
74
Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)
Overview and technical tutorial
75
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