Starting Point for the Understanding

of Culture, Society and Political

Identities
 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Is a discipline studies the society and the

manner in which people behave and
influence the world around us.

• The utmost goal of social science is to

answer different questions and find
solutions to problems of the society to
improve the human condition despite
cultural, social, and political differences.
 CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Culture plays a major role in our

day-to-day living. It refers to
“that complex whole encompasses
beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge and
everything that a person learns
and shares as a member of
society.
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES

The society has various manifestations of

social differences based on unique social
characteristics or qualities like social
class, gender, age, educational
attainment, occupation, and the like. In
sociology, social differences is usually
equated with social stratification,
which describes the relative social
position of persons in a given social
group, category, geographical region, or
other social unit.
The Major types of Social Stratification are:

CASTE- Hereditary endogamous social group in which a

person’s rank and his/her rights and obligations are ascribed
or on the basis of his/her birth into a particular group.
CLASS- a person’s position is based upon achievement.
ESTATE- give emphasis to birth as well as wealth and
possessions.
SLAVERY- had economic basis wherein the master shows
power of slaves.
POLITICAL IDENTITIES

The world is visibly divided into

different countries. Each
country has its own political
system to run its government.

A government is the system by

which a state or community is
controlled so as to put order.
 ANTHROPOLOGY

Is the holistic “science of man”, a science of the

totality of human existence.
Anthropology has two broad fields--- Physical
Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology.
Physical Anthropology or sometimes called
Biological Anthropology--- is mainly concerned
about how humans emerged and evolved through
time. This is under the study of paleontology. The
second concern of physical anthropology is how
human beings differ biologically.
Cultural Anthropology--- is basically concerned with
the differences of cultures from time to time.
Three Main Branches of Cultural
Anthropology:

1. Archeology- studies past cultures through tangible

or material remains.

2. Anthropological Linguistics- study of languages

where experts explain the difference of languages
by culture and how it is constructed.

3. Ethnology- study of recent or present cultures.

 SOCIOLOGY

Study of relationships among people. It is the study of the society and

the behavior of people in the society. There are two major approaches
to examine human society:

1. Macrosociology- examines the social structure, the social

institutions, social organizations, and social groups. Uses the
structural functionalist perspective in examining the larger social
structure.
2. Microsociology- places more emphasis on the role of individuals in
society. It uses the symbolic interactionist perspective to look into
the interactions between or among individuals in society.
POLITICAL SCIENCE

Deals with systems of

government and the analysis of
political activity and political
behavior.

It deals extensively with the

theory and practice of politics
which is commonly thought of as
the determining of the
distribution of power and
resources.
 SUBFIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. COMPARATIVE POLITICS- is a subfield which studies the politics within
other nations. This subfield tries to compare theories on a specific
nation to other nations.

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS- is a subfield which studies politics among

nations. In this subfield conflict, diplomatic affairs, and international
law is being studied.

3. POLITICAL THEORY- is a subfield which studies classical and modern

politics. This subfields aims to discover what theory suits the
characteristics of good politics.
 SUBFIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

4. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION- is a subfield which studies bureaucracies on

how it is functional and how to improve it by certain theories.

5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW- is a subfield which studies how laws are made

and being applied on a certain nation or state. Its major aim is to study
legal systems.

6. PUBLIC POLICY- is a subfield which studies the interface of politics

and economics. It aims to create a plan to develop programs that would
be sufficient and adequate to societies.
TRANSDISCIPLINARY LEARNING DIAGRAM

DISCIPLINARY: Epistemologies, MULTIDISCIPLINARY: Using the

assumptions, knowledge, skills, knowledge/understanding of more
methods within the boundary of a than one discipline, e.g., Physics and
discipline, e.g., Physics; History; History; Biology and Architecture
Psychology

INTERDISCIPLINARY: Using the TRANSDISCIPLINARY: Focus on an issue

epistemologies/methods of one such as pollution, poverty or hunger
discipline within another, e.g., both t=within and beyond discipline
Biochemistry; Ecophilosophy; boundaries with the possibility of new
Astrophysics perspective.
TRANSDISCIPLINARY LEARNING DIAGRAM