Presentation

Group members
Muhammad Raza(15311510-016)
Aftab Ahmad(15311510-028)
Anees Fatima (15311510-003)
Waseem Iqbal(15311510-072)

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Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)

Responsible fo
r the Laws go
verning Inheri
tance of Trait
s

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 Genetic Terminology
 Trait - any characteristic that can
be passed from parent to offsprin
g
 Heredity - passing of traits from
parent to offspring
 Genetics - study of heredity

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 Types of Genetic Crosses

 Monohybrid cross - cross involvi

ng a single trait
e.g. flower color
 Dihybrid cross - cross involving t
wo traits
e.g. flower color & plant height

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 “Genes”
 Alleles - two forms of a gene (domina
nt & recessive)
 Dominant - stronger of two genes exp
ressed in the hybrid; represented by a
capital letter (R)
 Recessive - gene that shows up less oft
en in a cross; represented by a lowerca
se letter (r)
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 More Terminology

 Genotype - gene combination fo

r a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
 Phenotype - the physical feature
resulting from a genotype (e.g. r
ed, white)

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Genotype of alleles:
R = red flower
r = yellow flower
All genes occur in pairs, so 2 allele
s affect a characteristic
Possible combinations are:
Genotypes RR Rr rr
Phenotypes RED RED YELLOW
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 Genotypes
 Homozygous genotype - gene combi
nation involving 2 dominant or 2 rec
essive genes (e.g. RR or rr); also call
ed pure
 Heterozygous genotype - gene comb
ination of one dominant & one rece
ssive allele (e.g. Rr); also called hy
brid
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 Why peas, Pisum sativum?
Can be grown in a small
area
Produce lots of offspring
Produce pure plants wh
en allowed to self-pollina
te several generations
Can be artificially cross-
pollinated

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 How Mendel Began
Mendel pro
duced pure
strains by
allowing the
plants to s
elf-pollinat
e for sever
al generati
ons

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 P1 Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
 RR x rr
Genotype: Rr
r r
Phenotype: Round
R Rr Rr Genotypic
Ratio: All alike
R Rr Rr Phenotypic
Ratio: All alike
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 P1 Monohybrid Cross Review

 Homozygous dominant x Homozygou

s recessive
 Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids)
 Offspring called F1 generation
 Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL A
LIKE

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 F1 Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
 Rr x Rr
Genotype: RR, Rr, rr
R r
Phenotype: Round &
RR Rr wrinkled
R
G.Ratio: 1:2:1
r Rr rr P.Ratio: 3:1

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 F1 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Heterozygous x heterozygous
 Offspring:
25% Homozygous dominant RR
50% Heterozygous Rr
25% Homozygous Recessive rr
 Offspring called F2 generation
 Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
 Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1
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What Do the Peas Look Like?

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 Laws of Segregation

Statement:
The coexisting alleles for each traits in an individual seg
regate from each other at meiosis, so that each gamete re
ceives only one of the two alleles.

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 Law of Independent Assortment

 Statement:
When two contrasting pairs of traits a
re followed in the same cross, their all
eles assort independently into gamet
es.
This law can be illustrated using dihy
brid crosses.

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 Dihybrid Cross
Traits: Seed shape & Seed color
Alleles: R round
r wrinkled
Y yellow
y green


RrYy x RrYy

RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry

All possible gamete combinations

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 Round/Yellow: 9
Round/green: 3
wrinkled/Yellow: 3
wrinkled/green: 1
9:3:3:1

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 Summary of Mendel’s laws
PARENT CROS
LAW OFFSPRING
S

DOMINANCE TT x tt 100% Tt
tall x short tall

Tt x Tt 75% tall
SEGREGATION
tall x tall 25% short

9/16 round seeds & green pod

RrGg x RrGg s
INDEPENDENT A 3/16 round seeds & yellow pod
round & green s
SSORTMENT
x 3/16 wrinkled seeds & green p
ods
round & green 1/16 wrinkled seeds & yellow p
ods
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Wellcome to questions

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Thanks for
attention

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